[EAI国际会议]
YouTube链接:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I44uOWz2UXA
东亚研究院(EAI)于12月11日至12日举办了题为“后新冠疫情时代的安保挑战与应对:气候变化、传染病、经济安保与网络安保”的国际会议。在“中美战略竞争与经济安保”会议环节中,马来西亚国立大学Kuik Cheng-Chwee教授发表了关于东南亚各国应对中美竞争的对冲战略的演讲;EAI贸易·技术·转型研究中心所长(中央大学教授)李承洙就韩国面临的经济安保挑战与战略进行了探讨;仁荷大学金容信教授通过比较中国对韩“萨德”报复及日本对韩半导体材料出口限制的案例,阐述了经济胁迫的含义。随后,亚洲大学李王辉教授、高丽大学李勇旭教授、东京大学Sashihara Ryo教授就各演讲内容进行了讨论。
■ 负责人及编辑:朴汉洙EAI研究员
联系方式:02 2277 1683 (分机号 204) | hspark@eai.or.kr
视频脚本
非常感谢,这是本次会议的最后一个环节。我们都知道时间非常有限,所以我将直接进入今天三位演讲者的精彩演讲。首先,请允许我非常简短地介绍三位演讲者。首先是来自马来西亚国立大学的Chunyi Creek教授。他是马来西亚国立大学亚洲研究学院和国际研究学院的负责人。他昨天抵达,明天离开,这次访问仅为本次会议,非常感谢他的到来。
参加本次会议。今天,我们有Sunji教授,他实际上无需介绍,他是中央大学的教授,也在EAI工作,是东亚研究院技术与贸易技术与转型研究中心的一员。最后一位演讲者是Yong Shin Kim,他也是仁荷大学一位非常著名的教授。这三位演讲者将涵盖与经济安保问题相关的美中战略竞争问题,以及东南亚国家如何应对这种严峻的竞争,包括高科技技术竞争。李教授还将介绍韩国的视角,以及我们如何努力制定更好的经济安保战略。金教授还将讨论案例研究,探讨韩国如何遭受来自中国和日本的经济胁迫。我认为这三场演讲将很好地结合起来,说明当今的经济胁迫如何给东南亚国家和韩国带来麻烦。
那么,首先请允许我邀请Dr. Quick。非常感谢,主持人,以及我的好朋友,感谢您的介绍。下午好,各位。首先,我要感谢组织者EAI,特别是孙教授和他的同事团队邀请我来这里。几周前,我的好朋友Sju联系我时,他对我今天的任务指示非常明确,他希望我从马来西亚的角度来阐述中美之间非常重大的问题,即技术竞争。我选择关注5G问题,主要是因为,如我们所知,技术竞争是一个非常广泛的问题。但选择这个话题还有另一个原因,因为这是Sju李教授在过去一两年里一直领导的一个更大项目的重要组成部分。而且,在这个项目过程中,我很幸运能有Yong Shin作为讨论者,他给了我一系列非常好的建设性反馈。我已尽力解决其中大部分问题,但我认为仍有一些不足之处,我认为本次会议本次小组讨论会将是一个很好的机会让我进行展示,并希望稍后能获得更多反馈。因此,我将完成三项任务:我将谈论三件事,关于如何应对、为何应对以及“有什么意义”的问题,即东南亚国家如何应对中美5G竞争,为什么各国反应如此不同,以及“有什么意义”的问题。通常我们会在最后讨论“有什么意义”的问题,但对于本次会议,对于本次听众,我将先谈论“有什么意义”的问题,以便我能将事情置于背景中。这个“有什么意义”的问题是,虽然我关注的是东南亚国家的反应,但这实际上是关于中间国家的反应的一个重要案例。中间国家指的是那些夹在美国和中国之间的国家。中间国家指的是那些夹在美国和中国之间的国家。东南亚是一个群体,但显然还有许多其他国家群体。因此,东南亚国家如何以及为何做出这样的反应,可能不仅仅是东南亚的问题,它显然为其他国家提供了类似的观察。因此,我将快速谈论“如何”和“为何”的问题。“如何”的问题相当直接。我们可以说,在10个东盟国家中,每个国家都做出了回应,虽然存在一些重叠,但也存在一些差异。我认为,再次强调,对于本次小组讨论会,考虑到时间限制,重要的是要指出,在10个国家中存在两种非常广泛的回应,两种方法。一方面,可以说越南和新加坡在其5G部署中排除了华为。但东盟地区其他八个国家则采取了截然不同的方法。它们没有排除华为,没有排除中国科技公司,而是非常开放地与华为在5G及其他许多问题上进行了合作。那么,为了更具理论性地描述东盟国家之间的这种差异,我将使用“重度对冲”来描述越南和新加坡排除华为和中国平台在其5G部署中的做法。我将使用“轻度对冲”来描述其他东盟国家,即马来西亚、印度尼西亚、泰国、菲律宾等。你可能会问我为什么使用“重度对冲”和“轻度对冲”这两个词,这不仅是学术原因,也是政治原因。因为有些人会说,我知道主流评论认为,越南和新加坡选择排除华为,因此我们可以轻易地将它们视为反华和亲美。这或许是最容易理解的方式,但却是错误的。在东南亚,我们不必成为越南和新加坡的公民就能告诉我们,当越南和新加坡选择排除华为时,它们是基于自身的利益计算,而不是因为它们反华,也不是因为它们在中美竞争中偏袒美国。这是我使用“重度对冲”而不是“轻度对冲”的第一个原因,是为了清楚地表明,越南和新加坡选择排除华为的决定,并非关于所谓的真正战略平衡,拒绝中国力量,偏袒美国力量,那将过于简单化。
uh so let me first invite uh Dr quick thanks very much uh Professor T Mr moderator and also my good friend for your kind introduction uh very good afternoon uh to everyone um let me Begin by thanking the organizer uh eii particularly Professor son and also his colleagues his team for having me here um when uh sju my good friend uh contacted me a few weeks ago uh his instruction for uh my task today was very clear which is that uh he wants me to provide a cation perspective about the very big issue of uh us China
technological competition and I have chosen to uh focus on a 5G issue mainly because of uh you as we know technology competition is quite broad uh but there is also another reason why I thought I would choose to do that because of this is very much part and parcel of a bigger project that uh sju Professor Le has been uh leading over the last one two years and also because of during uh that uh uh process the workshop process I was very fortunate to have uh Yong Shin uh as a discusson who gave me a a series of
a very good constructive feedback I've addressed uh uh most of that I think but clearly I think that there are still some gaps and I thought uh this conference this panel would be a good opportunity for me to present and hopefully to get more feedback uh later on so with that in mind uh I would do uh three tasks I would talk about three things about how about why and also about the so what issue that is how sou Asian countries responded to a us China 5G competition why country are responding rather differently and also
the soat issue usually we talk about soat towards the end but for this panel for this uh audience uh let me talk about the soat issue so that uh I would put things in perspective the so issue is that although I'm focusing on Southeast Asian States responses I think uh it uh actually is a important case about middle State responses middle States the meaning what those countries who are sandwiched between us on the one hand and China on the other hand middle States refer to those countries who are
sandwich between the two competing Powers southeast Asia is one set but clearly there are many other sets of countries so uh how and why s responses the way might not be just a matter of Southeast Asia it clearly offer some uh kind of parallel observations for other countries as well so with that in mind let me uh quickly talk about the how and also the why issue the how issue is quite uh straightforward uh we can say that uh out of 10 asan countries every single country have respond that uh there are some overlapping but there are
some differences as well I think it is also very important again for this uh uh panel because of the time limit to say that there are two very broad responses among the 10, countries two approaches on the one hand you can say that Vietnam and Singapore have uh excluded Huawei in their 5G uh roll out but the rest of uh Assan region the other eight countries have adopted rather uh different approaches instead of excluding Huawei excluding Chinese Tech firms they have actually very openly receptively engaged and partner with
Huawei in a 5G and many other issues so now uh to make it uh in a more teatical way how best to describe these kind of uh differences across the asan countries I would use the term heavy Hing to describe Vietnam and Singapore's approaches of excluding uh Huawei and Chinese uh Platforms in their 5G R out and I will use the term the opposite of heavy Hing in this sense light haing to describe the rest of Asian countries so uh Malaysia Indonesia Thailand Philippine so on and so forth have adopted like haing so you would be
wonder why I use the word heavy haing and light Hing for very good reason not just academic but polical reasons because of uh some would say that I know mainstream uh uh kind of commentaries out there have say that because of V Vietnam and Singapore have chosen to uh exclude Huawei and therefore we can easily quickly see them as anti-china and pro us this is perhaps the easier way to understand but a wrong one a wrong one that in Southeast Asia and we don't have to be citizens in Vietnam and Singapore to tell us that when Vietnam
重度对冲意味着,并且区分重度对冲方法与轻度对冲方法,在于重度对冲或轻度对冲都看到了来自中国的某些风险,但也看到了力量动态。重度对冲者是指那些看到中国带来更重、更黑暗的风险形状的人。越南和新加坡看到了来自中国的与安全相关的更高风险,而重度对冲者也是那些更决心采取风险缓解措施来应对和减轻这些风险的人。
重度对冲者也是那些更愿意反抗、对中国说“不”的人,但他们是选择性地这样做,并且他们是“对冲者”,因为他们有选择性地行事。在强调越南和新加坡从5G中排除中国的同时,我们也应该将事情置于背景中。越南和新加坡只是选择性地这样做,它们并没有像全面禁止华为那样,也没有全面禁止中国科技公司。事实上,尽管有选择性地排除华为进行5G部署,它们仍然允许。在其他方面,即使在包括大数据、数据中心在内的技术竞争中,它们也允许中国,包括华为运营。一个好的、快速的证据是,如果你关注几个月前的新闻,新加坡有一个数据中心招标,结果是两个中标者是美国公司,这并不令人意外,但也有两个中标者是中国公司。如果新加坡真的采取了某种立场,它就不会这样做。
这就是为什么它们是选择性地这样做,而且例子不胜枚举。现在,在剩余的时间里,请允许我非常快速地进入“为何”的问题,即为什么在10个国家之间存在差异,为什么新加坡和越南选择了重度对冲的方法,而其他国家则选择了轻度对冲的方法。在继续阐述“为何”的理由和问题之前,我认为还有一些可以强调的要点。对于那些感兴趣的人,欢迎你们仔细阅读我与组织者分享的文本。我认为,要说明轻度对冲与重度对冲之间的区别,最好的方法是牢记三个指标。这三个指标是衡量国际关系中对冲行为的指标。第一个是关于积极的中立,积极地表明我们不选边站。越南和新加坡在做出排除华为进行5G部署的决定时,一直强调这是我们自己的决定,我们自己的计算,而不是选边站。积极的中立,不仅仅是被动地谈论中立,而是积极地这样做。第二个指标是包容性多元化。所有国家,特别是弱小国家,都希望实现伙伴关系多元化,包括数字伙伴关系,并且它们以包容的方式这样做。越南和新加坡是排他性的,但如我所说,只是选择性地排他,它们只在选择性的5G数字安全问题上排他。在其他问题上,它们仍然包容性地与中国在电子商务、数据中心以及许多其他战略和发展问题上进行合作。第三个也是最后一个对冲指标,这对于重度对冲和轻度对冲都非常真实,那就是后备立场。我们知道,在不确定性下,风险是多重且不可预测的,所以你需要有一个后备立场,以防万一事情出错,你确实有一些B计划,有一些应急措施。
因此,所有重度对冲者和轻度对冲者都在做这三件事,但重度对冲者是在选择性地追求多元化。作为一个微观层面的指标,5G特定问题,它们排除了中国,但在所有其他问题上,越南和新加坡,尽管它们是重度对冲者,但它们仍然以某种方式试图包容中国。这不仅体现在经济领域,甚至在安全领域也是如此。因此,你看到的是,在地面上,在过去几周和几个月里,虽然新加坡和越南与许多其他地区国家一样,在安全问题上与美国合作,但它们也与中国进行同样的合作,有些人甚至说相反,与中国这个安全合作的真正来源合作。
因此,最后,在剩余的时间里,我将如我所说,谈谈“为何”的问题。为什么,你知道,在10个国家之间存在区别,为什么新加坡和越南选择了重度对冲的方法,而其他国家则选择了轻度对冲的方法。在我继续阐述“为何”的理由和问题之前,我认为还有一些可以强调的要点。对于那些感兴趣的人,欢迎你们仔细阅读我与组织者分享的文本。我认为,要说明轻度对冲与重度对冲之间的区别,最好的方法是牢记三个指标。这三个指标是衡量国际关系中对冲行为的指标。第一个是关于积极的中立,积极地表明我们不选边站。越南和新加坡在做出排除华为进行5G部署的决定时,一直强调这是我们自己的决定,我们自己的计算,而不是选边站。积极的中立,不仅仅是被动地谈论中立,而是积极地这样做。第二个指标是包容性多元化。所有国家,特别是弱小国家,都希望实现伙伴关系多元化,包括数字伙伴关系,并且它们以包容的方式这样做。越南和新加坡是排他性的,但如我所说,只是选择性地排他,它们只在选择性的5G数字安全问题上排他。在其他问题上,它们仍然包容性地与中国在电子商务、数据中心以及许多其他战略和发展问题上进行合作。第三个也是最后一个对冲指标,这对于重度对冲和轻度对冲都非常真实,那就是后备立场。我们知道,在不确定性下,风险是多重且不可预测的,所以你需要有一个后备立场,以防万一事情出错,你确实有一些B计划,有一些应急措施。
因此,所有重度对冲者和轻度对冲者都在做这三件事,但重度对冲者是在选择性地追求多元化。作为一个微观层面的指标,5G特定问题,它们排除了中国,但在所有其他问题上,越南和新加坡,尽管它们是重度对冲者,但它们仍然以某种方式试图包容中国。这不仅体现在经济领域,甚至在安全领域也是如此。因此,你看到的是,在地面上,在过去几周和几个月里,虽然新加坡和越南与许多其他地区国家一样,在安全问题上与美国合作,但它们也与中国进行同样的合作,有些人甚至说相反,与中国这个安全合作的真正来源合作。
因此,最后,在剩余的时间里,我将如我所说,谈谈“为何”的问题。为什么,你知道,在10个国家之间存在区别,为什么新加坡和越南选择了重度对冲的方法,而其他国家则选择了轻度对冲的方法。在我继续阐述“为何”的理由和问题之前,我认为还有一些可以强调的要点。对于那些感兴趣的人,欢迎你们仔细阅读我与组织者分享的文本。我认为,要说明轻度对冲与重度对冲之间的区别,最好的方法是牢记三个指标。这三个指标是衡量国际关系中对冲行为的指标。第一个是关于积极的中立,积极地表明我们不选边站。越南和新加坡在做出排除华为进行5G部署的决定时,一直强调这是我们自己的决定,我们自己的计算,而不是选边站。积极的中立,不仅仅是被动地谈论中立,而是积极地这样做。第二个指标是包容性多元化。所有国家,特别是弱小国家,都希望实现伙伴关系多元化,包括数字伙伴关系,并且它们以包容的方式这样做。越南和新加坡是排他性的,但如我所说,只是选择性地排他,它们只在选择性的5G数字安全问题上排他。在其他问题上,它们仍然包容性地与中国在电子商务、数据中心以及许多其他战略和发展问题上进行合作。第三个也是最后一个对冲指标,这对于重度对冲和轻度对冲都非常真实,那就是后备立场。我们知道,在不确定性下,风险是多重且不可预测的,所以你需要有一个后备立场,以防万一事情出错,你确实有一些B计划,有一些应急措施。
因此,所有重度对冲者和轻度对冲者都在做这三件事,但重度对冲者是在选择性地追求多元化。作为一个微观层面的指标,5G特定问题,它们排除了中国,但在所有其他问题上,越南和新加坡,尽管它们是重度对冲者,但它们仍然以某种方式试图包容中国。这不仅体现在经济领域,甚至在安全领域也是如此。因此,你看到的是,在地面上,在过去几周和几个月里,虽然新加坡和越南与许多其他地区国家一样,在安全问题上与美国合作,但它们也与中国进行同样的合作,有些人甚至说相反,与中国这个安全合作的真正来源合作。
因此,最后,在剩余的时间里,我将如我所说,谈谈“为何”的问题。为什么,你知道,在10个国家之间存在区别,为什么新加坡和越南选择了重度对冲的方法,而其他国家则选择了轻度对冲的方法。在我继续阐述“为何”的理由和问题之前,我认为还有一些可以强调的要点。对于那些感兴趣的人,欢迎你们仔细阅读我与组织者分享的文本。我认为,要说明轻度对冲与重度对冲之间的区别,最好的方法是牢记三个指标。这三个指标是衡量国际关系中对冲行为的指标。第一个是关于积极的中立,积极地表明我们不选边站。越南和新加坡在做出排除华为进行5G部署的决定时,一直强调这是我们自己的决定,我们自己的计算,而不是选边站。积极的中立,不仅仅是被动地谈论中立,而是积极地这样做。第二个指标是包容性多元化。所有国家,特别是弱小国家,都希望实现伙伴关系多元化,包括数字伙伴关系,并且它们以包容的方式这样做。越南和新加坡是排他性的,但如我所说,只是选择性地排他,它们只在选择性的5G数字安全问题上排他。在其他问题上,它们仍然包容性地与中国在电子商务、数据中心以及许多其他战略和发展问题上进行合作。第三个也是最后一个对冲指标,这对于重度对冲和轻度对冲都非常真实,那就是后备立场。我们知道,在不确定性下,风险是多重且不可预测的,所以你需要有一个后备立场,以防万一事情出错,你确实有一些B计划,有一些应急措施。
因此,所有重度对冲者和轻度对冲者都在做这三件事,但重度对冲者是在选择性地追求多元化。作为一个微观层面的指标,5G特定问题,它们排除了中国,但在所有其他问题上,越南和新加坡,尽管它们是重度对冲者,但它们仍然以某种方式试图包容中国。这不仅体现在经济领域,甚至在安全领域也是如此。因此,你看到的是,在地面上,在过去几周和几个月里,虽然新加坡和越南与许多其他地区国家一样,在安全问题上与美国合作,但它们也与中国进行同样的合作,有些人甚至说相反,与中国这个安全合作的真正来源合作。
因此,最后,在剩余的时间里,我将如我所说,谈谈“为何”的问题。为什么,你知道,在10个国家之间存在区别,为什么新加坡和越南选择了重度对冲的方法,而其他国家则选择了轻度对冲的方法。在我继续阐述“为何”的理由和问题之前,我认为还有一些可以强调的要点。对于那些感兴趣的人,欢迎你们仔细阅读我与组织者分享的文本。我认为,要说明轻度对冲与重度对冲之间的区别,最好的方法是牢记三个指标。这三个指标是衡量国际关系中对冲行为的指标。第一个是关于积极的中立,积极地表明我们不选边站。越南和新加坡在做出排除华为进行5G部署的决定时,一直强调这是我们自己的决定,我们自己的计算,而不是选边站。积极的中立,不仅仅是被动地谈论中立,而是积极地这样做。第二个指标是包容性多元化。所有国家,特别是弱小国家,都希望实现伙伴关系多元化,包括数字伙伴关系,并且它们以包容的方式这样做。越南和新加坡是排他性的,但如我所说,只是选择性地排他,它们只在选择性的5G数字安全问题上排他。在其他问题上,它们仍然包容性地与中国在电子商务、数据中心以及许多其他战略和发展问题上进行合作。第三个也是最后一个对冲指标,这对于重度对冲和轻度对冲都非常真实,那就是后备立场。我们知道,在不确定性下,风险是多重且不可预测的,所以你需要有一个后备立场,以防万一事情出错,你确实有一些B计划,有一些应急措施。
因此,所有重度对冲者和轻度对冲者都在做这三件事,但重度对冲者是在选择性地追求多元化。作为一个微观层面的指标,5G特定问题,它们排除了中国,但在所有其他问题上,越南和新加坡,尽管它们是重度对冲者,但它们仍然以某种方式试图包容中国。这不仅体现在经济领域,甚至在安全领域也是如此。因此,你看到的是,在地面上,在过去几周和几个月里,虽然新加坡和越南与许多其他地区国家一样,在安全问题上与美国合作,但它们也与中国进行同样的合作,有些人甚至说相反,与中国这个安全合作的真正来源合作。
因此,最后,在剩余的时间里,我将如我所说,谈谈“为何”的问题。为什么,你知道,在10个国家之间存在区别,为什么新加坡和越南选择了重度对冲的方法,而其他国家则选择了轻度对冲的方法。在我继续阐述“为何”的理由和问题之前,我认为还有一些可以强调的要点。对于那些感兴趣的人,欢迎你们仔细阅读我与组织者分享的文本。我认为,要说明轻度对冲与重度对冲之间的区别,最好的方法是牢记三个指标。这三个指标是衡量国际关系中对冲行为的指标。第一个是关于积极的中立,积极地表明我们不选边站。越南和新加坡在做出排除华为进行5G部署的决定时,一直强调这是我们自己的决定,我们自己的计算,而不是选边站。积极的中立,不仅仅是被动地谈论中立,而是积极地这样做。第二个指标是包容性多元化。所有国家,特别是弱小国家,都希望实现伙伴关系多元化,包括数字伙伴关系,并且它们以包容的方式这样做。越南和新加坡是排他性的,但如我所说,只是选择性地排他,它们只在选择性的5G数字安全问题上排他。在其他问题上,它们仍然包容性地与中国在电子商务、数据中心以及许多其他战略和发展问题上进行合作。第三个也是最后一个对冲指标,这对于重度对冲和轻度对冲都非常真实,那就是后备立场。我们知道,在不确定性下,风险是多重且不可预测的,所以你需要有一个后备立场,以防万一事情出错,你确实有一些B计划,有一些应急措施。
因此,所有重度对冲者和轻度对冲者都在做这三件事,但重度对冲者是在选择性地追求多元化。作为一个微观层面的指标,5G特定问题,它们排除了中国,但在所有其他问题上,越南和新加坡,尽管它们是重度对冲者,但它们仍然以某种方式试图包容中国。这不仅体现在经济领域,甚至在安全领域也是如此。因此,你看到的是,在地面上,在过去几周和几个月里,虽然新加坡和越南与许多其他地区国家一样,在安全问题上与美国合作,但它们也与中国进行同样的合作,有些人甚至说相反,与中国这个安全合作的真正来源合作。
因此,最后,在剩余的时间里,我将如我所说,谈谈“为何”的问题。为什么,你知道,在10个国家之间存在区别,为什么新加坡和越南选择了重度对冲的方法,而其他国家则选择了轻度对冲的方法。在我继续阐述“为何”的理由和问题之前,我认为还有一些可以强调的要点。对于那些感兴趣的人,欢迎你们仔细阅读我与组织者分享的文本。我认为,要说明轻度对冲与重度对冲之间的区别,最好的方法是牢记三个指标。这三个指标是衡量国际关系中对冲行为的指标。第一个是关于积极的中立,积极地表明我们不选边站。越南和新加坡在做出排除华为进行5G部署的决定时,一直强调这是我们自己的决定,我们自己的计算,而不是选边站。积极的中立,不仅仅是被动地谈论中立,而是积极地这样做。第二个指标是包容性多元化。所有国家,特别是弱小国家,都希望实现伙伴关系多元化,包括数字伙伴关系,并且它们以包容的方式这样做。越南和新加坡是排他性的,但如我所说,只是选择性地排他,它们只在选择性的5G数字安全问题上排他。在其他问题上,它们仍然包容性地与中国在电子商务、数据中心以及许多其他战略和发展问题上进行合作。第三个也是最后一个对冲指标,这对于重度对冲和轻度对冲都非常真实,那就是后备立场。我们知道,在不确定性下,风险是多重且不可预测的,所以你需要有一个后备立场,以防万一事情出错,你确实有一些B计划,有一些应急措施。
因此,所有重度对冲者和轻度对冲者都在做这三件事,但重度对冲者是在选择性地追求多元化。作为一个微观层面的指标,5G特定问题,它们排除了中国,但在所有其他问题上,越南和新加坡,尽管它们是重度对冲者,但它们仍然以某种方式试图包容中国。这不仅体现在经济领域,甚至在安全领域也是如此。因此,你看到的是,在地面上,在过去几周和几个月里,虽然新加坡和越南与许多其他地区国家一样,在安全问题上与美国合作,但它们也与中国进行同样的合作,有些人甚至说相反,与中国这个安全合作的真正来源合作。
因此,最后,在剩余的时间里,我将如我所说,谈谈“为何”的问题。为什么,你知道,在10个国家之间存在区别,为什么新加坡和越南选择了重度对冲的方法,而其他国家则选择了轻度对冲的方法。在我继续阐述“为何”的理由和问题之前,我认为还有一些可以强调的要点。对于那些感兴趣的人,欢迎你们仔细阅读我与组织者分享的文本。我认为,要说明轻度对冲与重度对冲之间的区别,最好的方法是牢记三个指标。这三个指标是衡量国际关系中对冲行为的指标。第一个是关于积极的中立,积极地表明我们不选边站。越南和新加坡在做出排除华为进行5G部署的决定时,一直强调这是我们自己的决定,我们自己的计算,而不是选边站。积极的中立,不仅仅是被动地谈论中立,而是积极地这样做。第二个指标是包容性多元化。所有国家,特别是弱小国家,都希望实现伙伴关系多元化,包括数字伙伴关系,并且它们以包容的方式这样做。越南和新加坡是排他性的,但如我所说,只是选择性地排他,它们只在选择性的5G数字安全问题上排他。在其他问题上,它们仍然包容性地与中国在电子商务、数据中心以及许多其他战略和发展问题上进行合作。第三个也是最后一个对冲指标,这对于重度对冲和轻度对冲都非常真实,那就是后备立场。我们知道,在不确定性下,风险是多重且不可预测的,所以你需要有一个后备立场,以防万一事情出错,你确实有一些B计划,有一些应急措施。
因此,所有重度对冲者和轻度对冲者都在做这三件事,但重度对冲者是在选择性地追求多元化。作为一个微观层面的指标,5G特定问题,它们排除了中国,但在所有其他问题上,越南和新加坡,尽管它们是重度对冲者,但它们仍然以某种方式试图包容中国。这不仅体现在经济领域,甚至在安全领域也是如此。因此,你看到的是,在地面上,在过去几周和几个月里,虽然新加坡和越南与许多其他地区国家一样,在安全问题上与美国合作,但它们也与中国进行同样的合作,有些人甚至说相反,与中国这个安全合作的真正来源合作。
我将在此停止。谢谢。非常感谢。正如大家所见,本次演讲提出了一个非常深刻和发达的对冲理论。因为Quick教授已经发展了一个非常好的对冲理论。目前在韩国,有一种倾向将对冲视为犹豫不决,视为对大国竞争的一种非常被动的反应。但他将对冲解读为一种非常积极的政策,是政策制定者精心平衡的结果。因此,我们可以从东南亚的案例中学到很多经验。我的一个问题是,如果东南亚国家之间存在不同类型的对冲,中国是否可以利用这些国家之间的差异,例如制造分裂,破坏东盟的中心性?如果你有时间,请告诉我,然后我将邀请李教授发言。谢谢李教授。是的,环顾四周,我发现这个小组没有女性发言人。实际上,直到第三环节,我们的小组讨论都基本实现了性别均等。因此,作为本次会议的组织委员会成员,我感到有些内疚,因为这个小组没有女性发言人。但我必须告诉你们,EAI确实尊重和支持性别平等,也许下次我们会努力为本次会议招募女性发言人。实际上,从某种意义上说,我的论文与Chen的论文是互补的。Chen主要关注东南亚国家在经济安保战略方面的差异,而我的论文更多地关注韩国经济安保方面随时间推移的相似性和差异。从这个角度来看,我认为我们的论文是互补的。话虽如此,我想说,经济安保在过去几年里已经成为一个热门词。有几个因素促成了经济安保的出现,在主要国家。我可以举出几个因素,首先,美中战略竞争是促成这一现象的决定性因素之一,不仅促使美国,也促使中国和其他国家制定经济安保战略。特别是特朗普政府,试图识别中国的所谓不公平贸易行为,并将其定义为经济侵略,他们认为这将威胁到美国的国家安全。因此,国家安全与经济安全之间存在联系。此外,新冠疫情的全球蔓延也是促成全球经济安保出现的另一个因素。由于新冠疫情的蔓延,过去几年世界经济的不确定性急剧增加,同时也促使民族主义和保护主义的扩散。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于促进和追求自身的国家利益,即使以牺牲他国为代价。此外,在新冠疫情之后,许多国家经历了所谓的供应链中断。在公司层面和国家层面,许多国家和公司试图拥抱所谓的“以防万一”的范式,放弃“准时制”的范式,这凸显了供应链中断的安保影响。因此,在这种背景下,我想说,许多国家试图制定自己的经济安保战略来维护自身的国家利益。在这方面,我想说韩国也不例外。然而,仔细观察,韩国转向经济安保战略的实际举动并非近期现象。事实上,从长远来看,韩国经济安保战略的起源可以追溯到20世纪60年代初。在这方面,我既能找到相似之处,也能找到不同之处,就韩国经济安保战略的演变而言。因此,请允许我继续讨论韩国经济安保战略的相似性或连续性。第一个主要特征,就连续性而言,是韩国经济安保战略的被动性。在传统的经济安保战略中,韩国实际上对经济制裁采取了非常谨慎的态度。当然,韩国加入了经济制裁的行列,但主要是多边层面的。在这方面,经济制裁从未在韩国经济安保战略中占据核心地位。在这方面,我认为这种特征至今仍然存在,因为韩国目前更感兴趣的是应对来自中国和日本等大国的经济胁迫措施。在这方面,韩国经济安保战略的被动性在过去五到六十年里一直是其主要特征。另一个主要特征是其混合性质。从一开始,我的意思是,在20世纪60年代,韩国政府雄心勃勃地启动了自己的工业化战略,正如出口导向型工业化所示。在这方面,有人可能会争辩说,韩国的工业化战略具有相当自由的性质,因为韩国积极地试图融入世界经济并试图实现贸易政策自由化。但同时,我想说,韩国的工业化战略和贸易政策确实具有混合性质,因为它明确设定了赶超其他发达国家的目标。同时,韩国试图实现贸易自由化,但同时它试图有选择性地实现自由化,以促进和培育出口导向型产业。在这方面,混合性质已经内嵌于韩国的经济安保战略中,并且这种性质至今仍在延续。韩国经济安保战略的第三个特征是地缘经济和地缘政治回应的结合。同样,可以追溯到20世纪60年代,韩国的工业化战略基本上是对地缘经济挑战的地缘经济回应。当时,韩国政府认为,作为后来者,韩国在赶超发达国家方面面临着日益增长的压力。另一方面,韩国也夹在中间,后来者试图在廉价劳动力成本的基础上赶超韩国。在这方面,韩国在发达国家和后发国家之间处于一种夹缝地位。在这方面,韩国试图通过地缘政治回应来应对地缘政治挑战。同时,韩国为了应对地缘政治挑战,不得不提出所谓的产业升级战略。但另一方面,这也是对地缘政治风险的回应,特别是考虑到进入20世纪70年代,韩国面临着来自朝鲜日益增长的安全压力。在这方面,韩国试图升级其产业结构,培育国防相关产业。因此,一方面是产业深化战略,这是地缘政治回应;另一方面是国家安全战略,旨在应对地缘政治风险。话虽如此,我也想强调韩国经济安保战略的变化性质。在这方面,我想说技术,特别是高科技,在韩国经济安保战略中的可见度已大大提高。
countries can uh China uh exploit its differences among these countries uh such as you driving wedge between these countries harm erode thean Central quity so if you have time please let me know and then I will invite Prof Lee for South cus yeah thank you professor John uh yeah looking around actually I find that uh there's no female speaker in this panel actually like up to the session 3 we had pretty much like a gender equal sessions so I as a member of the organizing committee for this conference I have a kind of the guilty
feeling uh for not having a female speaker in this panel but uh I'll have to tell you that the uh eii does respect and support gender equality and then maybe next time we will try to include uh recruit uh the female speakers for this session uh actually in a sense my paper is kind of complimentary to Chen's paper actually cheni is mostly uh interested in uh looking into the differences between South Southeast Asian countries in terms of Economic Security strategy but my paper is more about the similarities and differences
韩国经济安保战略中的可见度已大大提高。事实上,高科技在韩国经济安保战略中占据了中心地位。为什么?我认为首先与美中战略竞争的影响有关。众所周知,美中战略竞争始于2018年两国之间的贸易战,并迅速发展到两国都试图将竞争阶段转移到高科技领域。因此,在这方面,韩国被迫采取高科技作为应对此类战略挑战的一种手段。在这方面,在过去几年里,高科技在韩国经济安保战略中的可见度已大大提高。此外,韩国也关注高科技作为经济与安全之间的纽带。事实上,许多专家和学者都在谈论经济与安全之间的联系,但要有效地联系两者,即经济与安全,你需要一个纽带。而高科技是能够有效连接经济与安全的纽带之一。但正如你所知,韩国是世界上少数几个拥有高科技能力国家之一,因此,从韩国政府的角度来看,利用高科技能力并将其纳入韩国经济安保战略,可以说是自然而然的结论。我想这就是韩国经济安保战略的新特点。第三点是韩国为提升所谓的“技术主权”付出了巨大努力。众所周知,韩国在提高材料、零部件和设备竞争力方面付出了巨大努力。在某种意义上,韩国在这方面正处于转型之中,就经济安保战略而言,在过去几年里。一方面,提高零部件、材料和设备竞争力是一种被动措施,旨在应对来自中国和日本的经济胁迫措施。但另一方面,我想说,这同时也是一种先发制人的措施,以弥补韩国高科技产业,特别是供应链的结构性脆弱性。而且,这可能有助于防止来自中国和日本等其他国家的经济胁迫措施再次发生。最后一个新特点是韩国新的经济安保战略。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
韩国新的经济安保战略是,韩国试图利用高科技作为讨价还价的筹码来促进国际合作。正如我在演讲开始时告诉大家的,现在是民族主义和保护主义的时代。因此,许多国家都非常热衷于追求自身的利益,而不是他国的利益。因此,在这个时代,实际上没有多少国家对追求国际合作本身感兴趣。因此,为了从其他国家那里获得国际合作,你需要拥有一些资产,例如高科技能力。韩国就是拥有这种能力的国家之一。因此,这也是韩国试图利用高科技竞争力作为一种手段来促进与美国、日本、英国、荷兰等国国际合作的原因之一。这就是韩国新的经济安保战略的另一个新兴特点。
Economic Security strategy so let me stop there thank you thank you very much he gave us a very uh good picture of the evolution of South Korea's Economic Security strateg uh last week there was a Korea Japan I mean Korea China trade conference right uh and then there was a discussion about supply chain cooperation I think it's very hard in the area of Hightech so can we adopt hedging strategy as Chun said to offset the risk because USA is pursuing very strict high-tech export control probably with uh South Kore so do you see any
possibility that we can pursue to a harmonious uh policy toward China and then let me invite Professor Kim please all right um first of all I'd like to thank to the uh the president son uh of the the president uh which invite uh me to uh this wonderful conference and Professor uh chanes also thanks for the moderating this uh great session uh first of all this paper is about uh it's kind of like the initial case study on the uh the South korean's experiences of economic Cor from uh China and Japan uh right now the
at the G7 level or EU level uh the me at the or the Milat level the many countries try to uh to the make kind of like the the effective ways or try to find the effective ways to prevent or the deter the China's economic cors so uh by uh taking care of by uh the seeing the uh the Korean case seriously uh I hope that uh I can uh contribute a little bit about uh the the developing the effective ways of the the the the to deter the the the the the the the economic cors so first of all like actually the China has been the the
recipient of economic sanctions by Western countries until the the China's open up and reform uh in 1978 but uh recently China started to use the economic corion more frequently to achieve uh its political and diplomatic goals diplomatic gos and the according to the different studies the number of the economic cor has been changed but uh the mer which is the the Chinese the German uh Institute identified about like 123 cive cases between 2010 and 20 2022 and the Australian organization also uh the identified the the similar
numbers of the uh The Happening of the Chinese economic cors then uh uh even though actually there is the uh no consensus about the uh the definition of the economic corion but at least we can say that um economic corion is the using economic means to achieve political goals and economic means include the exploiting the economic vulnerabilities and dependencies through trade investment and foreign a measures so uh in terms of the uh the counter measures from the other Target uh countries actually the Victor cha recently
identified for different types of the count measures the first one was the kind of like a prioritizing Economic Security and developing capabilities to detect disruptions in advance and the second counter measures might be uh the um adopting the trade diversification uh along with the strengthening domestic capabilities or like localization if possible and the third target the third C measures is uh the relocating their core sourcing and production chains uh by using the re shuring or the FR shuring and finally uh
the target countries can also use the kind of like uh the mitigation uh tools uh which can advocately uh support the or which can advocately grant the monetary Assistance or monetary assistance with who to the uh the fs or the entities who are uh sanctioned by the economic cors so uh in table one actually I try to uh make the kind of like the comparison between the economic corion from China and Japan towards South Korea and by identifying that kind of uh the differences uh I'd like to trace the what kind of factors or I'd
like to uh answer that why do Target countries like such as South Korea use different tools as the as a counter measures to economic corion so uh the first factor is we can say that the the formality so in terms of the formality uh the Chinese uh economic sanction has been very informal but in in Japanese case it has been much more formal ways so Chinese uh the Japanese government uh actually um the the imposed the export control on the three uh the critical materials and also excluded the South Korea from the uh the
white list and uh in terms of the the scope of sanctions uh the Chinese cotion was more much more comprehensive so it started from the uh the Banning of the K culture products or k culture performances uh in in in Chinese territory and uh it's kind of like controversial but uh the EV baries which is produced in Chinese territory uh by the Korean companies were not eligible to getting the subties from the the Chinese government and it uh expanded to the uh the the retail sections such as the lot Mart and the lot department
stores and it also expanded to the like the tourism but uh in terms of the the scope of sanctions the Japanese the economic corion was much more uh kept kept in their very small yard so it has been mainly targeting the the three important materials which directly related to the semiconductor and display uh uh display sectors and uh in terms of the strategy importance of targeted interest in Industries uh the the Chinese targeting targeted industry has been uh has the much lower uh the importances or
strategic importance compared to the the the Japanese targeted Industries which is the directory related to semiconductor and the display sectors and in terms of the scope of the targeted Firs actually um the the Chinese uh Corf case shows that uh it is mainly targeted one form the lot in the retail uh industry and the many small and medium Enterprises in the tourism Industries and but uh in in Japanese cases actually the entire value chain of semiconductor and display sector was the targeted by the the Japanese uh the the
economic uh corations so uh uh if I summarize the uh the the reg of the uh the economic coration from China and Japan actually we can say that the Chinese economic sanction or the economic cor has been in former and it was more like kind of like a comprehensive the carpet bombing coration against the uh relatively low strategic sanctions and even though actually it caused a huge loss of the uh the economic uh huge loss of the about like estimated 0.5% of the Korea's GDP so it made the huge scars in terms of
economic uh economic ways but uh but uh but the Korea's accounter measures are mainly uh uh it was mainly about the the mitigation measures so there was no explicit or the prompt compensation to L and so uh but and the the the the Chinese economic uh cor actually did not change the polic trajectory of the deployment of uh th but left the the Deep scars in the batal um the relationship and if I uh if we uh the summarized the the Japanese case study actually it was much more like the clear and uh then the Japanese government took
the kind of like official means of the cor and uh the targeted sanction was the captain IND the more like like the small yard and the targeted sectors was much more highly uh strategic important sectors uh so uh the from the Korean uh the the reaction or the counter measures uh the Korean government uh very prompt ly utilized kind of like centralized response to the centralized response so the the Korean government made the the policy tools to localize the those uh the three materials and try to help the
the the companies to diversify the sourcing targeted materials and actually even the the the the the Japanese uh the economic cor also failed to change the the the Supreme Court's ruling so the the Japanese government could not achieve the its short-term goal but the Japanese demands were reflected when the new president Yun came into Powers so uh by summarizing the this uh two case studies uh I can uh draw kind of like a two um kind of like a theoretical implications so first one is first one is as seen India the two case studies of
economic cor from China and Japan uh it is not easy to achieve their political proposal economic corion in the short term so in situations of economic corosion the target country tend to prepare counter measures appropriate appropriate to the situation and is not willing to easily comprise with the political demand of the cursive country so ultimately uh considering the difficulties in discussing building Collective resilience based on their deterence by punishment amid various discussion on China's economic cor an
approach based on the DET by denial also need to be actively considered so a deterence by denial means actually or this aims to prevent on adversary from taking an uned action not through fear of punishment but rather through a fear of failures so making public China's economic cion has a poor track record uh or the the the the poor p track record and maximizing the reputation and the economic cost of the manable economic corion is not the perfect one but uh it can be kind of like a very lowcost deterr
strategy we can uh used as a collectively and the second uh in the long run actually the policy change in the Target country is only possible usually through the uh operation of internal interest groups so it's kind of like the the harsh manic logic that uh increased economic interdependence can create a new interest group in other country that can exert political pressure on the government and these kind of things can equally applicable to the situation of the weaponization of economic interdependence or the the the
weaponization of the economic cors so from the the long perspective advantages for economic cor to be targeted rather than a carpet bomb to expect interest group to play a role in the Target countries so after all so in order to the win the hearts and minds of interest groups in a Target country the discipline formalized and precise ction can have the some effect or might have better effect in the long run I step in here thank you thank you very much uh he gave us a very good comparative uh case
studies about two corion case I suddenly wonder if there is any case in which China accepted it as a cion is there anyone uh if not why now we have three excellent discussions uh one the first discussion is uh prophecy iwang from a university and Professor iuk from Korea University and Professor sahir from University of Tokyo uh he's now currently a visiting Professor to so National University uh I think you are a designated discussant but you may want to cross comments on other uh papers as well especially if uh Professor s has
something to tell about Japanese case of coion on South Korea think it will be interesting if you want to now uh let me invite Professor wangi uh thank you professor John yeah actually uh as a discussant I am supposed to I mean criticize uh Professor uh Quick's uh uh presentation but Frankly Speaking I do not have a found any major mistake error or Forge actually his analysis is very uh EX excellent H his argument is uh uh clearcut and uh there are many good evidence I mean to support his argument uh this is why I do not I mean
need to uh uh summarize I mean his PR presentation as well uh rather I would raise a couple of questions uh that are related to the uh hatching strategy my first question is uh about the uh Huawei actually uh uh there are many I mean uh controversies about the Huawei uh Telecom equipment but how about Huawei mobile phone is there any difference between Huawei Telecom equipment and uh uh hu mobile phone actually uh uh as far uh as far as not uh huawe and other I mean uh Chinese mobile phone uh from Oppo Vivo and shami is quite
popular in many Southeast Asian uh countries and my second question is the uh uh about the RO of the United States it's a Hing uh strategy is uh uh taken I mean in the context of the US uh China and strategic competition but this analysis is only uh focus on the uh the Chinese perspective but how about the uh the role of United States May uh I think that if America can provide an alternative to Huawei I mean Telecom equipment the Southeast Asian countries would choose a different I mean options of different uh uh
project uh in that sense I think the uh uh ban Road initiative is not the best option I'm a PR perspective the Southeast Asian country but can be a second best option why because America has no alternative to the Chinese initiative and uh my uh third question is about the domestic politics actually in many South Asia country is a democracy and in a normal democracy regim change uh tends to uh policy shift probably I mean in uh in the countries I mean you analyze uh there there'll uh be uh many I mean policy shift I suppose I mean you
mention P options uh is there any country I mean change I mean the shift their policy I mean during the uh 5G project yeah this is my third question and my final question is about the Korean case I think the the Korean government exclude I mean uh Huawei uh Telecom equipment gradually and very quietly not to make a trouble with China if uh this is the case I would I mean classify the Korean case as a light Hing what you think about my assessment but I I think that I mean Professor Sun Also I mean can uh reply
my final question thank you am am I right okay okay I'm youngly and I thank organizer for organizer organizer for inviting me to be a discuss for this wonderful panel and Professor Le paper uh Professor Le paper is really um Pleasant to read and uh indeed paper does uh do I think a great service to those of us who are interested in evolution of South Korea's um Economic Security strategies over the last 60 years in other words uh quite a few walks um have recently attempt to uh analyze the nature of South Korea's econ
economic uh security policy but none of them seems to be so successful to accomplish the task so in my view uh Professor Le uh paper offers much needed comprehensive and systematic account of it and uh with the case of South Korea's uh high technology policy policies uh the paper does uh that by uh identifying as he mentioned already in his presentation uh four key features of South Korea's economic security policy they are uh countering uh economic Coalition mitigating structural vulnerabilities strengthening Tech
sovereignty and finally inducing International cooperation so as much as I like this paper I was in trouble when I prepare my my comments it is simply because I might have nothing to say so discussion to my embarrassment so last night I squeezed myself I squee the paper to uh say a few things about about so I have three uh comments and suggestions as a result okay so my first comment is on uh supplying some conceptual definitions of um Economic Security and geoeconomics early on in this paper both uh concepts are Central
to uh this paper but our scholary community has not yet reached agreements on what they EX exctly mean and how we operationalize them uh as such offering working definition of these two terms would give readers much easier time to follow the paper's analysis including such an expression as economic security strategy responding to geoeconomic challenges on page three so relatedly the concept of tactical linkages and substantive linkages are usefully suggested early on as two mod of Economic Security linkages but they are
rarely reconnected to a subsequent discussion so I I suggest that the paper might need a tighter linkage between these two concepts and the following empirical analysis that's that that's my uh first comment and second comment is concerned with the question of where the four features of South Korea's Economic Securities are directed at uh in current form countering economic coion mitigating structural vulnerabilities uh strengthening Tech sovereignty and finally inducing International cooperation are all
directed against China so I do understand this formulation in the midst of us China strategy competition but at the same time there are some aspects of South Korean Economic Security Security in critical tension with US policies uh therefore I think some adjustment is needed uh in this regard when the paper is to be revised uh my fin final comment is about organization of the paper uh in the third section of the paper entitled high technology as Nexus between economy and and security uh subsection entitled securing industrial
policy techn Technology Innovation NEX Nexus in my view needs to be moved up into introduction of the paper uh it is simply because a subsection deals mainly with conceptual distinction between traditional industrial policies and economic security strategies so I'm not sure if my comments make any meaningful suggestion to the future of the paper uh but uh I look forward to reading Fuller version of the paper or book shortly thank you I stop here thank you uh thank you very much for inviting me eii
uh this is my great pleasure to read all three papers in advance and uh but I'm a designated uh commentator to uh discussion for Professor Kim yonin but before going to my comment to Professor Kim let me just pose just one question to each uh previous speakers first to my friend uh CH uh uh Chen quick uh I really love your paper of course as usual but my just one small question is because as a two speaker today uh you know discuss about economic coion so uh economic coion so I think we understand
your perspective on you know hitching but um if some country especially light hitching countries uh got uh strong economic coion could they really maintain their position this is just a my small question but you know this is a little bit different angle to you know discuss about uh economic I hedging in Economic Security and my uh small question to Professor Lee uh so iide of course as usual enlightened by your papers but uh in the very very last part you discussed high technology as a leverage for international cooperation
and of course you know as my previous discussion say uh this is very excellent point but my question is yes we have to do it we have to seek the uh seek uh try to use uh high technology as a leverage but by what mechanism we can do uh so this is uh just another very small question to you so to Professor Kim uh I love your paper but before going to the detail uh just let me put economic coion in a bigger context context because everybody uh start to discuss Economic Security uh recent years but as
Professor Lee said we don't have any particular definition so I decently pick up what kind of areas we have to discuss in Economic Security and I recently prepared one slide and it has 20s areas uh in Economic Security starting from like critical mineral management infrastructure management supply chain patent management security clearance export control semiconductor policy industrial security cyber security human rights due deligence data security International standardization fighting against disinformation and econic
coion so so I think uh but you know even though you know we have to admit economic coion is one very important part of Economic Security but we uh every countries have to make a preparation for each areas so this is a really big challenge for us now uh especially data security will come up very soon as a very uh can say important areas uh and we have to uh make our domestic role enhance our domestic role and preparation for that but having said that economic coion is again you know very important topics now and G7
countries of course including Korea as invited guest this year uh made a a really big achievement uh this year's hirosima Summit and they discuss how to deter they use the word deter how you how they use uh deter bance against economic coion so G7 countries are now very busy in discussing the new SEC New Economic Co anti-economic coion platform I don't know still what kind of things they really will create deterence by denial deterence by punishment we don't know but maybe uh because some countries actually including Japan
attemp to for temp to include some aspect of punishment so the new mechanism might have some uh you know deterence by uh punishment uh scheme but the main focus might be deterrence by denial but anyway so uh many count start to discuss including G7 but also EU EU recently published a New Economic Security strategy but they discuss uh eu's way uh you know ACI against econic coion Japanese government also is say to publish a new security Economic Security strategy report or something but I don't I don't have any particular information
on that at this moment but you know every country has big interest and uh preparation uh on economic coion and the reason why especially Japan are now very uh how can I say serious about that is we are now having economic coion from China after uh Japan government decision uh to uh uh to uh dispose arpus uh arpus water from fushia uh to uh Pacific Pacific Sea to the Pacific but anyway so uh now it is very important for us to discuss about theion we know that very well so let me just give us some question and comments to
papers and really important papers uh but uh I think first of all we have have to distinguish the Chinese way and Japanese way uh but before going to that even though I said Japanese way we only had one case but unfortunately that was against your country I'm very sorry for that and prime minister AB actually he left before assassination actually after assassination this is published but uh before assassination he left interview and and that book is published already and he admit he wanted to use economic
coion against against Korea because of political reason not you know export control why do you think is just a you know kind of bureaucratic reasoning right so we know that very well now after you know his uh B his interview publish but you know don't let don't you know take us long because that was only one very exceptional case right and Japan's case was also very exceptional because Japan's case we use our EX export to Korea as our you know tools but in China's case they normally use import as as the two right of course in
Korea case you know it is more uh more complicated because they also use as methods like you know they even um how can say um uh try to punish a Lotte uh and other companies in China uh by other legal measures but in most cases China triy to use their power to buy from another country in Japan's case we they you know Japan Government tried to use the power to export to you know sell uh important goods so I think this is very important you know for us to take a note right and and in in the future you know
we will see more and more econic coion from China not Japan you know don't take me long again right but I don't I really don't think Japan government will repeat the same mistakes but China will make the same mistakes again and again in the future even though we know economic coion in most cases failed you know to satisfy uh their political and diplomatic uh objectives so uh we really have to distinguish Japan's case and uh Chinese case and for Chinese case you know uh their power to purchase or you know
invest uh is the source of the power we have to take notes of that and and my another comment uh to Professor Kim's paper is even though you pick up four areas or four say four factors uh you know to distinguish Japan's case and Chinese case but I think the another important factor is ambiguity I mean because the success of China and failure of Japan is really up to uh we I mean Korea didn't know how much and by when uh until when uh the sanction would take place right so and they are always very ambiguous in and
also in scope of sanction so ambiguity is ambiguity was very important uh to make a big success in E coion so you know we I mean as a targeted country Target country uh so how can we you know uh make a counter measure against China if they do this strategy very well you know keeping ambiguity right so I think that still I believe you know what we really have to do is to team up over the country like including South Korea Japan United States and Australia and other countries but my final comment is
United States is not very reliable in economic coion they always admit that they always say we cannot let Market access for many times right they try to limit Market access even though their allies are targeted so I think you know we really have to rescue ourselves you know among allies and partners so for that sake I think you know we have to know you know what is China's strategy and but the my you know again my point is China strategy or China use of economic coion is always very ambigious we don't know what is the real
political aims we don't know next to which area they will employ coion so this is my last comment thank you very much thank you very much uh for excellent uh discussion uh we have some time but uh I think uh if you listen to the answers from the presenters we may uh be short of time so let me collect questions from the floor if you have uh so if you have any questions or comments to presenters or discussants one question for the panel um the unpredictability it was mentioned by a couple of you within American
domestic politics and what that does to any sort of strategy hedging light or heavy balancing soft balancing any of these things it all seems to have been based at least normally in most of the work on Asian Security on a degree of stability and predictability in US foreign policy behavior and that's been thrown out the window and I just wonder both in terms of our academic work but also in terms of policymaking what you do with that if you have a solution let me know thank you that's a question that we'll
face after one year from now on so uh chuni please all right um thanks very much I think I have a question or questions from Chung from Professor Lee and my friend real sahashi and then I think I can relate uh to what alen if I may uh uh the very uh I would say spot on issue of unpredictability I think in IR among IR Community among IR literature we do use the word uncertainty a lot and that's uh I guess interchangeably with un predictability so um to uh if I can respond and then also relate to uh all
other questions that were posed to me is that I think that is the mother of everything right uncertainty if uh it's a certainly the most important factor for Hing Behavior because we can say that if things are certain there is no need to hedge make your decision either you want to align with us completely or you I you you align completely with China if you like completely with us we call it as a kind of like a straightforward decision same with bandwagoning with China can be straightforward but at the moment
because of uncertainty about two conditions States especially in Southeast Asia but also Beyond have decided to H until and unless that two conditions become more certain Hing behavior however imperfect impermanent will continue in one way or another and also bear in mind that my favorite saying Hing is often a policy without pronouncement meaning that uh countries H without saying and telling the whole world that hey we are Hing right because they would uh defeat the purpose so with that uh what are the two conditions that
allow me to uh relate uh to respond back so two conditions uh one is about threat perception the other one is about align support if you know exactly uh who is your number one threat across the board across the board black and white if you are in a black white situation no room for Hing you make decision if you see that China across the board threat race in economic insecurity and political and you know for certain you can count on us uh to to land the support that you need no need to hedge you just make the
decision no hedging but you are uncertain about both threat and also both uh the alliance support you will say that uh let's do what we have been saying in in Daily context right let's not put all eggs in one basket that's what Hing in layman term right you are don't burn the bridge keep the options open because you will never know things are uncertain and uh us was mentioned you were referring to the domestic context I think countries uh in Asia particularly I think us airies and partners are even more nervous everybody
is nervous airies and partners are even more nervous because of trump might come back right that is the largest uncertainty uh domestically for us but externally for all of us all countries right so uh something beyond our control but it does affect us because it it does affect that to what extent and for how long we can count on a us or US card to counterbalance whatever a trap assessment right so uh that I think I hope by that I answer uh the very fact that uh uh and that allow me to relate to uh uh real question of whether or not
the Hing WEA light or heavy will last forever right nothing lasts forever right nothing lasts forever since we are in Korea very uh plainly uh and that relate to Professor Lee I think I agree with you uh Coral seems to be light Hing rather than heavy Hing light Hing as I said are those that uh see uh heavy haing are those that who see RIS in a darker shapes very seriously very nervous and are more determined to take actions to counter track mitigate the risk and more ready more open to review that kind of concern right to Define
even the sources so from how we see in Southeast Asia we thought the South Korea's policy has been shifting quite a bit from moon to Yen moon it's a very light Hing y seems to be like much Havier if not already a balancing but much heavier in the sense that earlier for example South China see a South Korea keep distance right uh you you're concerned about that but you don't really want to make it a very open same with the Taiwan but these are all kind of like shifting so on and so forth so I think uh the best way to respond to that
would be to relate to the certainty issue certainty about the Align support and certainty about the threat and perception right so nothing is uh last forever but when conditions change countries evolve accordingly South Korea is one example another example would be uh Vietnam right and also uh uh uh Philippines Philippines from DTE to Cent bong bong you see that it's like Hing to a heavy Hing if not already balancing right and why is that track perception change China's action it is a source of issues and then again us factor is
another issue right the real test will be next year if and when Trump does come back let's see uh to what extent and how many countries policy will be shifting again that will be a real test uh to see whether the so-called Hing theory of saying that the he threat perception and also aect support that will be the primary one so with that uh let me very quickly uh turn to the issue of uh waging right perfect uh Chason is always a spot on right uh in I literature we also say that small states hit big
Powers wtch right so H and W sounds very similar but uh you know it's a very different depending on where you see whether you are small countries or you are big Powers small countries because of you are much more weaker and smaller you are more vulner vable you'll be more affected by uncertainty and also their implications you know that you need to be cautious big Power because of capability superiority you can do a lot of things not everything but a lot of things so it's natural for big powers to
尽可能地运用,而中国并非唯一有此倾向的大国。但要回应您的问题,我认为我们需要区分两种情况:一种是中国确实在利用东南亚小国之间的差异,但并非总是如此,也有中国想要运用但无法做到的情况。那么这两种情况是什么呢?一种是涉及
集体行动,作为集体,亚洲国家在南海问题上的政策决定,中国确实试图利用老挝和柬埔寨等国,它们与中国在南海问题上没有直接利益冲突,并采取了与中国更接近的立场。我认为这是第一种情况,相当自然。第二种是5G和数字连接问题,这是国家层面的双边关系决策,而非集体决策。所以中国可能想施压,但个体
东盟国家,东南亚各国独立做出决策,中国并没有真正的回旋余地。但中国在做什么?可以说是在进行反制。中国确实试图争取那些在早期被排除在外并一直试图通过各种手段说服的国家。由于时间关系,我只能非常快速地举两个例子:一个是马来西亚,另一个是新加坡。马来西亚尽管早期采取了轻视的态度,但在
政府是否会改变政策,答案是肯定的,不总是,但可能性更高。以马来西亚为例,我们确实经历了数次政府更迭。不幸的是,早期的莫希丁政府曾做出选择爱立信而非华为的决定。我们早期曾举办过一次研讨会,关于选择爱立信而非华为,这是商业决定,因为爱立信提供了更好的套餐,而非政治或地缘政治原因。现在快进到今天,在
安瓦尔·易卜拉欣政府领导下,安瓦尔·易卜拉欣被视为与美国关系密切的人。他最近做出决定,允许第二家运营商参与,并公开表示明年(即下个月起)将开通的第二家运营商将允许华为参与。这意味着马来西亚政府现在正在采取政治变革,允许所谓的“技术中立”。技术中立的尝试
做出决策,使东南亚等较小国家能够向美国和中国这两个竞争大国发出信号,即我们的决策是具体的,而不是一概而论的,所以不带个人色彩。马来西亚政府就是一个例子,新加坡的决定也是另一个例子,如我之前提到的,在数据中心的选择上,既选择了两家美国背景的公司,也选择了两家中国背景的公司。这样的例子不胜枚举,但我想,从根本上说,“对冲”意味着它不是永久性的。我们知道它有
自身的问题,但随着威胁程度和盟友支持程度的变化,各国政府会做出相应调整。我们没有水晶球,但我们知道,如果我的理论有任何参考价值的话,这两个条件将决定“对冲”何时、以及在多长时间内会演变,无论是数字互联互通还是其他国际合作问题。谢谢。是的,齐,您的对冲理论越来越好了。是的,谢谢李教授您富有洞察力的评论。
和提问。是的,李教授总是触及根本性问题,而不是像具体问题那样进行细节探讨。实际上,他的提问和评论总是促使我更深入地思考,以提出更完善的想法和更复杂的方法。但我认为他的问题在某种程度上是相互关联的,所以我希望将它们まとめて回答,以一种“批发”的方式。第一个是概念性问题,即地缘经济学与
经济安全之间的区别。根据经典定义,地缘经济学通常是指国家为实现外交政策目标而动员经济手段。在这方面,基本假设是经济和安全之间存在一种等级关系,安全是目标,而经济或经济手段是实现目标的途径。但关键在于,在21世纪和高度不确定的时代,更重要的是如何将
经济和安全联系起来。在这方面,联系比仅仅如何动员经济手段来实现外交政策目标更重要。在这方面,我认为如何将经济和安全联系起来是我们必须思考的根本性问题。在这方面,我在论文中处理了一些与技术性联系和实质性联系之间的区别有关的问题。在我的演讲中,我强调,为了有效地将
经济和安全联系起来,你需要一个“连接点”。没有连接点,这几乎等同于经济胁迫,这与技术性联系有关。大国试图将经济和安全联系起来,但并不相信它们实际上或在实践中是相连的。那么,它们为什么这样做?它们试图通过技术性联系来诱导弱国做出妥协或让步。在这方面,技术性联系或多或少
与经济胁迫有关。因此,我们必须区分技术性联系和实质性联系。关于李教授关于韩国“对冲”或“轻度对冲”战略的问题,我必须承认我是您理论的忠实粉丝。但有一件事我必须告诉您,根据我的理解,“对冲”不应基于个案进行评估或评判,而应是一种国家战略。我们必须将所有个案放在一起,然后
评估国家层面的对冲战略。在这方面,许多国家试图结合不同的政策,有时许多国家试图采取具有相互抵消作用的不同战略。因此,仅仅关注一个案例可能不足以解释国家层面的对冲战略的性质。如果我说错了,请纠正我。是的,关键点是,总是很重要,如何是正确的。是的,在我的演讲中,我强调韩国试图采取
利用高科技作为手段,与其他国家,特别是志同道合的国家,开展国际合作。我认为我们必须理解当前局势的特殊性,因为一方面,每个国家都确实有兴趣培育本土产业。但同时,你必须尽可能保持包容性。实际上,过去产业政策通常只专注于培育国内公司和
国内产业。但现在是高度不确定的时代,你必须创造一个更具包容性的高科技生态系统,这是你需要国际合作的原因之一。一方面,你必须培育和加强本国产业的竞争力;另一方面,鉴于没有一个国家能够完全自给自足,所以你需要合作。因此,一方面是追求技术主权,另一方面是寻求包容性
的国际合作。在正常情况下,这两种目标并不匹配,但在高度不确定的时代,你必须将这两种相互抵消或冲突的目标结合成一个国家战略或经济安全战略。在这方面,这将是一项非常艰巨的任务,但这是你在未来几个月和几年里必须解决的问题。是的,请允许我停止。非常感谢您,Sashi教授,您提出了非常有建设性和
批判性的评论。我知道您对经济胁迫有非常深入的了解。在我们之前的研讨会上,我从您的演讲中确实学到了很多。我实际上在开始时您提到我们必须从大局出发思考经济胁迫,我完全同意。这就像是在进行一个新项目时的初步“草稿纸”。我将认真考虑
我将尝试将这种大局观融入这篇论文。您提到了G7或欧盟层面讨论的反经济胁迫机制。实际上,Victor Cha主张我们必须通过“惩罚性威慑”措施来建立集体韧性。但如您所知,这在集体层面成本高昂且难以操作。例如,在政策层面,当我与政府官员交谈时,
官员时,建立反胁迫措施的第一步可能是国家之间共享信息。让我们建立一个信息共享机制。但通常,每位政府官员都会说,实际上这不可行。我们无法让私营企业向我们报告任何信息。通常,私营部门担心来自中国的报复。因此,收集
这类信息非常困难。因此,即使是共享信息也非常困难且不可能,那么如何让大家知道中国的经济胁迫记录很差呢?只要让他们知道,这将是发展下一步反胁迫机制的更容易的方式。这是我的想法。第三点是关于日本的案例。您提到了ABS采访。如果
您与我分享那次采访,我将不胜感激。您可能知道我的电子邮件地址。期待您的回复。是的,您说得对,日本的案例确实是一个非常特殊和例外的情况,它确实是定性研究的绝佳案例。这是一个异常值,通过认真对待这种异常值,我认为我们可以发展或做出一些理论上的
贡献。关于第四点,模糊性。是的,您指的是,我知道模糊性可能是一个更好的术语来描述非正式性或。在这里,我实际上没有定义我在短文中使用的四个因素是如何定义的。至少我考虑过,中国的经济胁迫是以灰色地带的方式发生的,并且是以非正式的方式进行的。但也许模糊性可能是一个更好的
术语来捕捉中国的经济胁迫行为。我将在以后认真考虑。最后,您提到了美国,以及美国在应对经济胁迫方面并不可靠。卡森也提到,是否有任何方法可以处理各国国内的美国不确定性。我认为,美国可能是处理这些事情的一个非常重要的因素。即使在
是的,我没有任何具体的答案。但我在未来撰写论文时,也会更认真地考虑美国国内不确定性的影响。实际上,J.J.教授也提到了中国是否受到其他国家的经济胁迫。根据我的理解,由于这种不对称关系,中国比其他国家更容易受到经济制裁,而不是经济胁迫。所以,
现在我们正在目睹对中国半导体行业的各种制裁。经济胁迫和制裁的主要区别在于,制裁更加正式,并且制裁背后的理由应该是合法和基于规则的。至少由于中国的不对称关系以及作为其他国家最大的贸易伙伴,中国通常更容易受到经济制裁,而不是经济胁迫。这是我的理解。
好的,非常感谢您。昨天和今天我们讨论了四个重要问题,我认为经济安全问题也非常重要。我们讨论了很多问题,进行了非常丰富的讨论。但我认为前方仍有许多挑战和任务。因此,我认为我们需要继续进行这种讨论。到目前为止,我们一直关注军事安全问题,因为我们面临来自朝鲜和周边国家的许多军事挑战。但我认为这些新兴
问题将非常重要。因此,我猜想EAI和其他同事将继续进行此类讨论。因此,请和我一起感谢今天杰出的各位发言人。谢谢。
*本文为使用 AI 从韩语原文翻译而来,部分译文或语感可能存在偏差。