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[EAI Issue Brief] Ideological Composition of Voters in the 20th Presidential Election and Preference for Presidential Candidates: Generational Divide, Class Betrayal, and Polarization
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The East Asia Institute (EAI) planned a panel survey in two stages, before and after the presidential election, in collaboration with Korea Research, to track changes in voters' perceptions and attitudes on key issues in Korean society and politics in the year of the 20th presidential election. The following article is based on the results of the telephone interviews from the first wave of the 2022 EAI Presidential Election Panel Survey. The first survey, conducted by Korea Research, was carried out from January 12 (Wednesday) to January 15 (Saturday) for four days, using a random digit dialing (RDD) sampling frame from wireless phone numbers, targeting 1,515 men and women aged 18 and over residing nationwide, with proportional allocation sampling based on region, gender, and age. The second survey is scheduled to be conducted in early March, immediately after the presidential election. Despite criticism of the election as a competition between "disliked" candidates, voter interest remains considerably high. While the majority are rallying around the two main pillars of "regime change" and "regime perpetuation," clear generational divides are evident in party affiliation and candidate preference. Furthermore, while the division of voter sentiment along regional lines was confirmed in this presidential election, an analysis by household income interestingly reveals "class-betraying votes." Despite a substantial middle ground, we observe a Korean society that remains divided in partisan, generational, and emotional terms.
1. High Election Interest Amidst the Two-Party Competition
Contrary to concerns that voters might become indifferent to the election due to the unprecedented "disliked candidates" scenario, respondents showed a relatively high level of interest in the election on average. Among the 1,515 respondents, only 7.8% answered that they were not interested in this election, while approximately 92.1% responded that they were "somewhat interested (34.1%)" or "very interested (58.0%)," confirming a high level of interest in the March presidential election through this survey.
[Figure 1] Election Interest by Party Affiliation
However, by age group, the 18-29 age group stood out with a high rate of indifference (21.5%), unlike other age groups (which showed uniformly high election interest). By ideological orientation, voters who identified as ideologically moderate also showed relatively high election interest (89.1%), along with progressive and conservative voters. In contrast, by party affiliation, those who were unaffiliated (no party/don't know/no response) and supporters of the Justice Party or other minor parties showed relatively low election interest.
This difference in election interest by party affiliation can also be analyzed as a result of the election being dominated by a two-party competition, with voters rallying around the ruling Democratic Party's "regime perpetuation" narrative and the main opposition People Power Party's "regime change" narrative.
This trend is also confirmed in the survey on voting intention, where the proportion of respondents who answered "I will definitely vote" was relatively high among progressive (89.1%) and conservative (88.8%) voters. However, it decreased to 79.5% among moderate voters. Furthermore, by party affiliation, the proportion was lower among supporters of the Justice Party (85.8%) and unaffiliated voters (64.3%) compared to supporters of the People Party (90.4%), the Democratic Party (90.2%), and the People Power Party (89.4%).
2. Presidential Candidate Support by Voter Demographics: Generational Divide, Ideological Orientation, Region, and Class – A Clear Generational Rift and "Class-Betraying Votes"?
[Figure 2] Presidential Candidate Supported (Candidate to Vote For)
Although referred to as an election of "disliked candidates," the survey results indicate that the presidential election is clearly unfolding as a two-way race between the Democratic Party's Lee Jae-myung and the People Power Party's Yoon Suk-yeol. The strong performance of the People Party's Ahn Chee-chung, with a double-digit approval rating (12.7%), is noteworthy.
However, when categorized by party affiliation, the support rates for Lee Jae-myung and Yoon Suk-yeol among Democratic Party and People Power Party supporters were high at 83.5% and 82.2%, respectively. In contrast, the support rate for Ahn Chee-chung among People Party supporters was 64.8%, with a notable 18.1% supporting Yoon Suk-yeol, a candidate from the conservative bloc. Meanwhile, those who had no candidate to support or chose "don't know/no response" accounted for only about 11%.
[Figure 3] Supported Presidential Candidate by Respondent's Age Group
As has been revealed through various opinion polls, a clear differentiation in candidate support by age group is observed. While the Democratic Party's Lee Jae-myung receives overwhelming support centered around the 40s and 50s, the People Power Party's Yoon Suk-yeol shows high support among those aged 60 and over.
Among the 20s and 30s, often referred to as the MZ generation, Yoon Suk-yeol recorded higher support than Lee Jae-myung. Specifically, in the 18-29 age group, Yoon Suk-yeol led Lee Jae-myung by more than 10 percentage points.
This differentiation in preferred presidential candidates by age group is also confirmed in the survey on "candidates I would absolutely not vote for" in the "disliked candidates" election. Indeed, respondents in their 40s and 50s showed high rates of saying they would never vote for Yoon Suk-yeol (54.3% for 40s and 45.6% for 50s), while respondents in their 60s also showed a high rate of saying they would never vote for Lee Jae-myung (45.9%).
[Table 1] Supported Presidential Candidate by Gender within the 20s-30s Generation (%)
The relatively high support for Yoon Suk-yeol among the 20s-30s generation is presumed to be related to the conservatism of young men in their 20s, referred to as "lee-dae-nam." Indeed, when candidate support is broken down by age and gender, while women in their 20s show somewhat dispersed preferences (Lee Jae-myung: 21.6%, Yoon Suk-yeol: 13.7%, Sim Sang-jung: 14.2%, Ahn Chee-chung: 18.2%), men in their 20s show very strong support for the People Power Party's Yoon Suk-yeol (Yoon Suk-yeol: 49.6%, Lee Jae-myung: 16.4%, Sim Sang-jung: 1.5%, Ahn Chee-chung: 14.2%). The combined support for Yoon Suk-yeol and Ahn Chee-chung, who can be classified as conservative or moderately conservative candidates, among men in their 20s confirms the political conservatism of this demographic.
A similar pattern to that observed in the 20s is also found when analyzing voters in their 30s by gender. While the support gap between Lee Jae-myung and Yoon Suk-yeol among women in their 30s is not large (29.7% for Lee Jae-myung vs. 28.5% for Yoon Suk-yeol), it widens among male voters (31.8% for Lee Jae-myung vs. 42.4% for Yoon Suk-yeol).
[Figure 4] Candidate Favorability by Age Group
The generational differences in candidate preference are further confirmed by the candidate favorability survey. On an 11-point scale from 0 (very unfavorable) to 10 (very favorable), favorability ratings for President Moon Jae-in and the main candidates in this presidential election were measured. Notably, high favorability (5 points or higher) for President Moon Jae-in was clearly observed among those in their 40s and 50s. In contrast, favorability ratings for President Moon Jae-in were lower among the 18-29 age group and those aged 60 and over.
The generational favorability patterns for the Democratic Party's Lee Jae-myung largely mirror those for President Moon Jae-in, who belongs to the same party. However, except for the 50s, where both politicians received a score of 5.1, Lee Jae-myung's favorability rating was lower than President Moon Jae-in's across all age groups.
Favorability ratings for Yoon Suk-yeol were high among the elderly (5.5 points) and also high among the 18-29 and 30s age groups.
Meanwhile, favorability ratings for the People Party's Ahn Chee-chung were relatively positive across all age groups. Ahn Chee-chung received the highest favorability rating among the 18-29 age group and also garnered high favorability ratings among those aged 60 and over, second only to Yoon Suk-yeol. Sim Sang-jung received low favorability ratings (around 3.5-3.9) across all age groups.
[Figure 5] Supported Presidential Candidate by Respondent's Ideological Orientation
Preferred presidential candidates also vary by voter's ideological orientation. As expected, progressive voters show a high preference for the Democratic Party's Lee Jae-myung, while conservative voters strongly support Yoon Suk-yeol.
Ahn Chee-chung of the People Party, who advocates for ideological centrism, shows relatively high support among centrist voters. However, the candidate most preferred by centrists is Lee Jae-myung (35.3%), followed by Yoon Suk-yeol with a 29.0% support rate.
However, when the question format is changed to "candidates I will absolutely not vote for" (negative framing) instead of "candidate to vote for," the gap in support rates (unfavorability) for Lee Jae-myung and Yoon Suk-yeol among centrists narrows slightly (34.4% and 33.9%, respectively).
[Figure 6] Candidate Favorability by Ideological Orientation
When categorized by ideological orientation, high favorability for Lee Jae-myung is particularly evident among voters who identify as ideologically progressive. However, similar to the previous observation, this high favorability rating (6.5 points) is still lower than the favorability President Moon Jae-in received from the progressive group (7.3 points). Furthermore, Lee Jae-myung's favorability rating falls short of President Moon Jae-in's across all ideological groups.
Yoon Suk-yeol received positive favorability ratings primarily from the conservative group. Ahn Chee-chung received the most favorable assessment from the centrist group and also garnered relatively positive evaluations from conservative voters.
[Figure 7] Supported Presidential Candidate by Respondent's Region of Residence
In this presidential election, regionalism is confirmed, with differences in candidate support based on the respondent's region of residence. While the support gap between Lee Jae-myung and Yoon Suk-yeol is not significant in the Seoul metropolitan area (Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi Province) and the Chungcheong region, the gap in support rates between the top two candidates is primarily observed in the Honam and Daegu/Gyeongbuk regions. Notably, Lee Jae-myung's high support rate in the Honam region (61.0%) and the relatively low support rates for Yoon Suk-yeol and Ahn Chee-chung (12.2% and 11.9%, respectively) are striking.
In the PK region (Busan, Ulsan, Gyeongnam), Yoon Suk-yeol leads Lee Jae-myung in support, but the gap is not as large as in the TK region. This again confirms the weakening of regionalism in the Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam areas, similar to trends observed in elections since 2016.
[Figure 8] Supported Presidential Candidate by Respondent's Socioeconomic Status
When voters are categorized by household income to examine their preferences for presidential candidates, the phenomenon of "class-betraying votes," observed in various previous studies, appears to be replicated in this election.
As is well known, the People Power Party's Yoon Suk-yeol receives relatively high support from the group with household incomes of 3 million won or less, while the Democratic Party's Lee Jae-myung consistently garners high support from the group with household incomes of 4 million won or more. Notably, Lee Jae-myung's relatively high support among households with very high incomes (over 6 million won) is striking.
This "class-betraying vote" tendency is also confirmed in the "disliked candidates" (candidates I will absolutely not vote for) survey. Among the income group below 2 million won, the proportion of respondents who said they would absolutely not vote for Lee Jae-myung was highest at 43.7% (Yoon Suk-yeol received 23.5% in the same group). In contrast, Yoon Suk-yeol showed high unfavorability rates, exceeding 40%, among higher-income groups, specifically those with household incomes of 5-6 million won (43.6%), 6-7 million won (49.7%), and over 7 million won (40.1%).
3. Voter Ideological Landscape and Partisan Polarization: Partisan Sorting, Generational Gender Gap, and Emotional Polarization
[Figure 9] Distribution of Party Affiliation and Ideological Orientation
Based on the data where respondents were asked to rate their ideological orientation on a 10-point scale from 0 (very progressive) to 10 (very conservative), as of January 2022, Korean voters still have a higher proportion of centrists (5 points, 40.4%) than progressives (1-4 points, 25%) and conservatives (6-10 points, 33%). As is well known, the proportion of conservative voters slightly exceeds that of progressive voters.
Furthermore, when voters are grouped by party affiliation, a thick distribution of centrists is common across all party groups. Nevertheless, supporters of the Democratic Party and the Justice Party tend to be more concentrated in the progressive segment, while supporters of the People Power Party and the People Party are more concentrated in the conservative segment. In other words, a relatively clear partisan sorting is evident among Korean voters.
Meanwhile, when respondents were asked to rate the ideological orientation of the main presidential candidates on a scale of 0-10, the order from most progressive to most conservative was Lee Jae-myung (3.1), Sim Sang-jung (3.2), Ahn Chee-chung (5.5), and Yoon Suk-yeol (7.3). Although the difference is not large, it is interesting that ordinary voters perceive the Democratic Party's Lee Jae-myung as a progressive candidate comparable to the Justice Party's Sim Sang-jung.
However, it is observed that the perceived ideological orientation of presidential candidates varies depending on the respondent's own political orientation (e.g., party affiliation and self-identified ideology). For example, supporters of the People Power Party evaluate Lee Jae-myung as a considerably radical candidate (rated 2.0, lower than Sim Sang-jung's 3.2), while supporters of the Democratic Party perceive Lee Jae-myung as a relatively moderate progressive (3.8). Additionally, supporters of the Justice Party tend to perceive Yoon Suk-yeol's orientation as closer to extreme conservatism compared to other party supporter groups.
[Table 2] Evaluation of Main Candidates' Ideological Orientation by Party Affiliation
Interestingly, the People Party's Ahn Chee-chung consistently receives an ideological orientation rating close to the center from all party support groups, which is noteworthy.
Similarly, the perception of the main presidential candidates' ideological orientation differs based on the respondent's own ideological orientation. For instance, conservative voters perceive Lee Jae-myung as ideologically more radical than other ideological groups. Progressive voters, on the other hand, perceive Yoon Suk-yeol as closer to extreme conservatism.
Furthermore, progressive voters perceive the Justice Party's Sim Sang-jung as more moderately progressive (3.6 vs. 3.3 & 2.7) than other ideological groups. In contrast, they perceive Ahn Chee-chung, who received a centrist rating (5.3 points) from other ideological groups like centrists and conservatives, as more conservative (6.0).
The conservatism of men in their 20s and the gender gap in ideological orientation within this age group, confirmed by recent opinion polls, are also observed in this survey. As shown in [Figure 11], which presents the average ideological orientation of male and female groups by age, the 18-29 age group exhibits characteristics of significantly conservative men, unlike the generally progressive women in this age bracket (Average for men aged 20s: 5.9, Average for women aged 20s: 4.6).
The average ideological orientation for women (4.9) and men (5.5) in their 30s is also relatively high compared to other age groups. In contrast, the gender gap in ideological orientation within the 40s age group is the smallest, with averages of 4.8 for women and 4.7 for men.
[Figure 10] Gender Gap in Ideological Orientation by Age Group
[Figure 11] Ideological Orientation and Candidate Favorability Gap[1]
Meanwhile, looking at the gap in favorability ratings (0-10 points) between Lee Jae-myung and Yoon Suk-yeol, the top two candidates and presidential nominees of the major parties, based on favorability, provides insight into the emotional assessment of the presidential candidates by different voter groups. As expected, the favorability gap between the two candidates is smallest on average among centrists (4.6), while the gap in favorability ratings is larger in the progressive and conservative groups.
This result reconfirms that to win this presidential election, the two leading candidates must, above all, effectively appeal to the ideological center.
[Figure 12] Presidential Candidate Favorability Gap (Lee Jae-myung - Yoon Suk-yeol) by Age Group[2]
Breaking down the gap in candidate favorability ratings by age group reveals a tendency for the gap to increase with age. Consequently, the favorability gap between the two candidates is smallest in the 18-29 age group (3.0) and largest in the group aged 60 and over (6.3).
In other words, as age increases, voter preferences become more stable, while in the 20s and 30s, the differences in candidate preference are not as pronounced. This again confirms that to win this election, candidates must prioritize securing the votes of the 20s and 30s demographic.
Если разделить разницу в оценках симпатий к кандидатам по партиям, поддерживающим их, то наибольшая разница (6,4) наблюдается среди сторонников двух крупнейших партий, особенно Демократической партии, за ними следуют сторонники партии «Сила народа» (5,9), а затем сторонники Партии справедливости, Народной партии и других партий.
[Рисунок 13] Разница в симпатиях к кандидатам в президенты по поддерживаемым партиям (Ли Чжэ Мён - Юн Сок Ёль)[3]
4. Оценка правительства Мун Чжэ Ина и прогноз вероятности победы по политическим предпочтениям
Когда попросили оценить результаты государственного управления правительства Мун Чжэ Ина по 100-балльной шкале, сторонники кандидата от Демократической партии Ли Чжэ Мёна, как и ожидалось, дали самую высокую оценку (72,9 балла), а сторонники кандидата от партии «Сила народа» Юн Сок Ёля дали самую негативную оценку (24,3).
Сторонники Партии справедливости, относящиеся к прогрессивному лагерю, дали положительную оценку правительству Мун Чжэ Ина, следуя за сторонниками Демократической партии, в то время как среди избирателей Народной партии, других партий и беспартийных преобладали негативные оценки правительства Мун Чжэ Ина ниже 50 баллов.
[Рисунок 14] Оценка государственного управления правительства Мун Чжэ Ина по предпочтениям кандидатов
Кроме того, когда мы рассматриваем вопрос о прогнозировании победителя следующих президентских выборов по партиям, поддерживаемым избирателями, то, несмотря на то, что высокая вероятность победы кандидата от своей партии является общим закономерностью, особенно впечатляет высокая уверенность сторонников Демократической партии в победе.
Однако, в отличие от сторонников Демократической партии, которые считают вероятность победы кандидата Юн Сок Ёля довольно низкой (5,0%), среди сторонников партии «Сила народа» вероятность победы кандидата Ли Чжэ Мёна составила 14,6%, и особенно заметно, что среди сторонников других партий и беспартийных вероятность победы кандидата Ли Чжэ Мёна оказалась значительно выше.
С другой стороны, сторонники Народной партии не видят большой разницы в вероятности победы третьего кандидата, включая кандидата Ан Чхоль Су, но при этом впечатляет тот факт, что они считают вероятность победы кандидата от партии «Сила народа» Юн Сок Ёля самой высокой по сравнению с кандидатами Ли Чжэ Мёном и Ан Чхоль Су.
Эта закономерность подтверждается и при разделении избирателей не по поддерживаемым партиям, а по поддерживаемым кандидатам: высокая уверенность в победе наблюдается в группе избирателей, поддерживающих кандидата Ли Чжэ Мёна, и, что интересно, тот факт, что кандидат Ли Чжэ Мён имеет самую высокую вероятность победы среди всех групп кандидатов, за исключением сторонников кандидата Юн Сок Ёля, является весьма примечательным моментом.
[Рисунок 15] Восприятие вероятности победы по поддерживаемым партиям
[Рисунок 16] Восприятие вероятности победы по поддерживаемым кандидатам
5. Резюме и выводы
Несмотря на опасения по поводу беспрецедентных президентских выборов с «негативными рейтингами», общий интерес избирателей к этим выборам оказался довольно высоким. Однако, учитывая, что уровень интереса к выборам несколько ниже среди умеренных избирателей по идеологическим соображениям, беспартийных или сторонников других партий, можно предположить, что предвыборная гонка развивается таким образом, что избиратели объединяются вокруг двух основных осей: «смена режима» и «продолжение правления».
Как уже неоднократно сообщалось, в ходе этих выборов подтверждается раскол по поколениям в поддержке партий или предпочтении кандидатов, наблюдаемый и в данном исследовании: в то время как поколение 40-50 лет проявляет высокую поддержку кандидата Ли Чжэ Мёна, среди старшего поколения 60 лет и старше наблюдается высокая поддержка кандидата Юн Сок Ёля, и, что особенно интересно, среди молодежи 20-30 лет кандидат Юн Сок Ёль значительно опережает кандидата Ли Чжэ Мёна по предпочтениям. Этот так называемый «консервативный уклон» поколения MZ объясняется консервативным поворотом в политических предпочтениях, особенно среди мужчин в возрасте 20 лет.
Предпочтения избирателей в отношении конкурирующих кандидатов в президенты, как и ожидалось, различаются в зависимости от идеологических и политических взглядов респондентов. Во-первых, кандидат Ли Чжэ Мён получает положительные оценки от избирателей с прогрессивными взглядами, но его уровень поддержки ниже, чем у президента Мун Чжэ Ина, который принадлежит к той же партии. Кандидаты Юн Сок Ёль и Ан Чхоль Су в основном получают поддержку от избирателей с консервативными взглядами.
При классификации респондентов по группам доходов домохозяйств, как и в прошлом, наблюдается так называемый «классовый парадокс» предпочтений: например, кандидат Ли Чжэ Мён пользуется высокой поддержкой среди высокодоходных групп с доходом домохозяйства 6 миллионов вон и выше, в то время как консервативный кандидат Юн Сок Ёль получает большую поддержку среди относительно низкодоходных групп с доходом менее 3 миллионов вон.
По состоянию на 2022 год, среди наших избирателей по-прежнему значительная часть занимает умеренную позицию по идеологическим соображениям, однако существует связь между партийными предпочтениями избирателей и их идеологическими предпочтениями, то есть партийное расположение, что позволяет в некоторой степени различать идеологические предпочтения в зависимости от партийных предпочтений индивида.
Кроме того, если разделить идеологические предпочтения респондентов по поколениям и гендеру, то по сравнению с другими возрастными группами, в группе в возрасте 18-29 лет гендерный разрыв в идеологических предпочтениях проявляется более отчетливо, и наблюдаются консервативные взгляды так называемых «идэнам» (мужчин в возрасте 20 лет). Напротив, в возрасте 40 лет, который можно назвать основной группой поддержки кандидата Ли Чжэ Мёна, гендерный разрыв в идеологических предпочтениях наименьший.
Если рассматривать группы избирателей с точки зрения разницы в симпатиях к двум основным кандидатам в президенты, то группа избирателей, поддерживающих Демократическую партию, демонстрирует наибольшую стабильность предпочтений в отношении кандидата Ли Чжэ Мёна, и, как и ожидалось, разница в симпатиях к кандидатам Ли Чжэ Мёну и Юн Сок Ёлю наименьшая среди сторонников других партий или беспартийных (нет/не знаю/нет ответа).
Кроме того, при рассмотрении разницы в симпатиях к двум кандидатам по поколениям, разница в группе в возрасте 18-29 лет наименьшая по сравнению с другими возрастными группами, и, исходя из этого факта, можно в некоторой степени понять, почему конкурирующие кандидаты в президенты прилагают целенаправленные усилия для завоевания поддержки молодежи в возрасте 20-30 лет на этих выборах.
Кроме того, если рассмотреть вероятность победы на следующих президентских выборах по поддерживаемым партиям избирателей, то, как и ожидалось, высокая вероятность победы кандидата от своей партии является общей закономерностью, но особенно заметна высокая уверенность сторонников Демократической партии в победе.
Наконец, избиратели, считающие, что первоочередной задачей нового правительства должны быть внутренняя политика и социальное обеспечение, проявляют намерение голосовать за кандидата Ли Чжэ Мёна, а избиратели, считающие, что это международная политика и налоговая реформа, — за кандидата Юн Сок Ёля. С другой стороны, вопросы занятости и экономического роста, которые традиционно служили критерием для разделения прогрессивных/консервативных избирателей и оказывали значительное влияние на принятие решения о поддержке кандидата, не заняты ни одним из кандидатов, Ли Чжэ Мёном или Юн Сок Ёлем. ■
[1] Разница в симпатиях здесь определяется как разница (абсолютное значение) между ответом респондента о симпатии к кандидату Ли Чжэ Мёну (0–10) и ответом о симпатии к кандидату Юн Сок Ёлю (0–1). Баллы по группам, представленные на графике, являются средними значениями этой разницы в симпатиях по группам идеологических предпочтений.
[2] Разница в симпатиях здесь определяется как разница (абсолютное значение) между ответом респондента о симпатии к кандидату Ли Чжэ Мёну (0–10) и ответом о симпатии к кандидату Юн Сок Ёлю (0–1). Баллы по группам, представленные на графике, являются средними значениями этой разницы в симпатиях по группам поколений (возрастных групп).
[3] Разница в симпатиях здесь определяется как разница (абсолютное значение) между ответом респондента о симпатии к кандидату Ли Чжэ Мёну (0–10) и ответом о симпатии к кандидату Юн Сок Ёлю (0–1). Баллы по группам, представленные на графике, являются средними значениями этой разницы в симпатиях по группам поддерживаемых партий.
■ Автор: Ли Чжэ Мук_Доцент кафедры политологии Университета иностранных языков Хангук, директор по связям с общественностью Университета иностранных языков Хангук, руководитель исследовательской группы по глобальной демократии и человеческой безопасности в области политологии Университета иностранных языков Хангук. Получил степень доктора политологии в Университете Айовы, США. В настоящее время является членом исполнительного комитета Корейской ассоциации политологии и генеральным секретарем Ассоциации партийной политики. Основные области исследований: политическое поведение, политические процессы и американская политика. Среди недавних публикаций: «Корейские партии и демократия в диагностике с точки зрения политической арены» (2018, в соавторстве), «Американская политика и внешняя политика Восточной Азии» (2017, в соавторстве), «Корейско-американская политика: вызовы и перемены» (2014, в соавторстве).
■ Ответственный редактор и составитель:Чон Чжу Хён_Исследователь EAI
Контакты: 02 2277 1683 (доб. 204) | jhjun@eai.or.kr
*Этот текст — AI-перевод оригинала, написанного на корейском. Возможны неточности перевода или утрата нюансов.