[EAI International Conference]

YouTube 링크 : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8xesltwCIg

East Asia Institute (EAI) hosted an international conference titled “Coping wth Security Challenges in the Post COVID-19 World: Climate Change, Pandemic, Economic and Cyberspace Security” on December 11 and 12. During the session “Climate Change and International Cooperation,” H.E. Maria Castillo-Fernandez, European Union Ambassador to the Republic of Korea, delivered a keynote presentation on European Union’s policy efforts and international cooperation to handle climate crisis. After the keynote presentation, three presentations addressing the European Union’s response to climate change, strategies to cope with risks in the supply chain of critical minerals, and the compatibility of energy transition and energy security were provided, followed by discussions about each presentation.

■ Typeset by Hansu Park, EAI Research Associate

    For inquiries: 82 2 2277 1683 (ext. 204) | hspark@eai.or.kr

영상 스크립트

very good afternoon speaker uh thank you so much uh chairman president ul and chairman half for inviting me to the East Asia Institute this afternoon I'm very happy to just kick off this uh discussion on one of the key challenges that was mentioned by both of you uh which is I think inter twn uh with all the different challenges and threats that uh we have uh in front of our uh when we are saying goodbye to a very complicated 2023 and uh looking for the 2024 uh um uh year which will certainly bring us uh also a lot of

difficulties um I'm very happy also to see and I was commenting to uh president youu to see so many women in a panel you know it's the first time I uh I come to a panel and I do a lot of them I tell you where there is a a gender imbalance for the first time here so I'm very I'm very happy to to see that um I have been asked to to to frame a little bit your discussion and it's quite timely because we are all waiting to see what will come on from Dubai from cop 28 uh and we are looking looking at it

and see if there is at least we still hoping for a day or two of discussions and and and what can comes from it uh but certainly we have witnessed there um how um f distribution of efforts uh between countries to combat climate uh change is very complex and the whole green transition that many of the all the countries I would not say many all the countries have to go go through is shaking up the global balance of power um making losers and winners uh and therefore exacerbating a lot of crossb geopolitical tensions uh temperature is

rising and uh more extreme climate effects we all see them in our daily lives in whatever country you go or you come from uh increase the risk of conflicts over water water is going to be a key a key scare resource where we still see a lot of of conflict uh farming food security we see that with the uh impact of the Russian war in Ukraine um and migration flows which have always been there but they will certainly be exacerbated by by all what we are seeing uh covid pandemic you've mentioned it president Yu has

exacerbated all the challenges but certainly has made more difficult uh to implement U key um uh um cooperation agreements like like it was the sustainable development goals and the Paris agreement those were the good times because those were the times where we could manage an agreement now it's even more difficult in in the in the world that we are we are therefore now running even behind schedule in all these commitments uh Global emissions have certainly not decreased um and uh we find it more difficult in that

fragmented world that uh president Yu was referring to to find an agreement to find consensus to find cooperation it becomes uh very very challenging very challenging uh so on the other hand we need there is a lot of global interdependence we certainly need more solidarity we need more Collective action uh to tackle the challenges that we have today and we are in a critical decade for climate change so uh whatever happens in cop 28 we as European Union we have to scale up our climate change Ambitions to keep that

1.5 degrees Celsius objective um we have our our legal framework uh I perhaps you're you're going Sasha to to speak a bit more of this but just let me say some some key features the famous European green deal is there but it sets a very very uh I would say um Big ambition of uh 55% of net house uh Greenhouse emissions reduction by 2030 2030 is only 7 years I will say even six years from now one year less so this is a very very short time uh how are we going to get there um is going to put a lot of pressure in

politicians in governments um and the pressure is is also going to come from from the bottom up approach uh we have also the climate neutrality 2050 to which also Korea has adhered to and we have all this ambitious Target legally framed in our uh European climate law which is compulsory for EU not only institutions but EU 27 countries uh they have to take the necessary measures they have to implement the action in all fairness and solidarity helping each other uh that's for sure but we are going to keep track of this process very

concrete uh we review it every five years according to Paris agreements as well that is inside Europe and there is an almost there are 55 legislation pieces because this climate transition goes for every sector in society and in economy and everyone is is affected um and uh we you will see now in the last months of first months of 2024 uh trying to push all this legislation forward but now there will come the implementation and the next European uh government who will there will be also elections like in Korea in

in may they will have to then follow up with additional legislation the climate agenda which is now settled uh the framework settled in in the but now we all have to come to how we Implement all this legislation and that will be a key a key moment at the same time we uh are determined to engage and work with Partners worldwide as I said before it is a a global Endeavor uh we cannot do it alone um and we are going to do that first to implement Paris and continue with the cops uh but also with all the

the pledges and agreements and commitments that we that were done in the different cops this is not about cop 28 it's about cop 26 and and and and and the others as well and cop 27 what are we going to do um it's also about how we can limit the the temperature Global temperature increase increase of to 1.5 it's also how we support the most vulnerable the most countries that are less developed and how we increase Collective climate finance and I'm going just to say a word from for for each of them um how we going to to keep 1.5

Target on track I think we need to the EU at cop 28 has aimed to to Triple Global renewable energy capacity um and double energy efficient Improvement rates by 2030 and here I think Korea has still a lot of homework to do you have your 6 point uh 7% of Renewables and you have to reach 21% Which is less than what you had for SE before but how are you going to do it and you really need to do it there is no way any country and and and the way Korea is configured that you can go only going to do it with

nuclear this is not possible so you need your Renewables um and you need to develop them that is certainly important and uh you know I know that the business European business is is trying to contribute also on the on the offshore wind and on other um areas to to help you uh the other one is we need to reach an agreement on facing out of unabated fossil fuels I know discussions are going on in cop until the very minute there is a lot of interest you have the countries which want the oil industry

and the coal industry uh the gas are very very pertinent but uh this has to to to stop and uh uh we have to make sure that fossil fuel consumptions uh uh ahead of picks ahead of 20 2030 and then uh face out fossil fuel subsidies uh to address uh uh that do not address energy poverty and just transition so all the others need to need to go uh and our key message in cop 28 is clear uh we need to set uh a decis a decisive step forward it's about ambition about targets about finance and uh clearly the

dependent on fossil fuels has made countries more vulnerable to geopolitical economic and societal risk look what happened with the war in Ukraine I mean it's it's clearly how much dependence uh Europe was on Russians uh fossil fuels and how quick we managed to get out of that dependence uh but uh uh it otherwise it creates that vulner vulnerability that was so important so so difficult in this case uh so we have to do it already in the near ter and we could recognize a measure uh transitional rule I mean role

for natural gas that is what we are doing LNG and that is also what Korea but it has to be faced also as quick as possible uh let's see that is uh one of the big areas where uh there is a lot to be done and we will speak about that a lot in the in the in the months to come and years to come the other one is we have to stand by our partners especially to protect the most vulnerable worldwide and I think we have the EU has led two initiatives well various initiatives at cop but let me mention two the global

Pledge on renewable and energy efficient very important to try to Triple the energy renewable energy capacity to 11 terawatts and to double the rate of energy efficient uh from two to four worldwide and I think you have to see that how you do energy efficient there also Korea needs to scale up a lot um even on buildings on how you you you build how you uh you know consumers um have also the role to play in Energy Efficiency also if we look at the war in Ukraine and what Europe had to do to get out of of Russian oil and gas um with

all the big crisis that was here last summer we reduce Energy Efficiency and uh through the the the consumers by 15% so one 5% uh that allowed what was the effort that that European consumers did on energy efficient and that had certainly contribut that the needs for for oil and and and gas and uh where were less so you have to Korea has signed up this pledge uh so we hope we can work together the second one I want to mention is the financial support of 100 75 million to the metan metan finance uh Sprint uh this is an

initiative under the global metan pledge which was done in a previous uh scope uh cop and also Korea has uh participates in the global mitt and pledge and and hope we can work together hand in hand to work with other countries helping them on this very difficult energy transition award final word on climate Finance um also the world has reached an annual average of 83 billion US doar for Global uh climate Finance but I think developing countries need more than $6 trillion dollar to get there so how are

we going to work on that Gap uh we are already the largest contribute of climate Finance uh to our neighbors and Global Partners 23 billion euros as team Europe as EU and its member states together uh and contributed to the green climate fund uh and to uh uh the global um pledge in to the global energy transition in cop 28 also 2.3 billion I mean it's a lot of figures a lot of money that is needed to do all this um big transition but um um we have to work together uh a last word on our cooperation with Korea I think that the

global cooperation needs to be going hand in hand with by atal cooperation uh with Korea uh certainly uh we are this year celebrating the 60 years of our relations our one Gap uh and and there we we had three very important um agreements the Free Trade Agreement the cooperation agreement which includes a very big uh area of climate environment and energy and also our our security uh cooperation we uh in May when we were cele celebrating our our one Gap our 60 years uh we uh the leaders came together here to seul

and we launch the green partnership uh also a very good initiative which I will hope in 2023 we will see uh it being implemented and it covers uh uh enables us together to step the the climate uh action uh our cooperation uh on environment protection on clean and just transition uh but also uh to jointly support developing countries how can we work together helping the other countries to In This Global effort uh for this uh climate transition uh it also includes issues like carbon pricing batteries work on together on Plastic

Products Supply chains uh resilient just and clean transition renewable green hydrogen it covers everything but so my big task now will be how I how we are what are the what how do we start and where do we cooperate how do we which actions do we start first and it goes hand in hand with what president I mean chairman how was mentioning about digitalization um artificial intelligence uh we have also a digital um uh partnership we have to put them together I think it's very difficult to get out climate alone it's about

Economic Security it's all the threats that we have mentioned at the beginning uh have to go together interdependent so our digital partnership our green partnership digitalization and green transition goes hand in hand so a very important year for all 2024 and just let me leave you one single message uh there is no alternative uh Global cooperation is the only viable solution uh climate knows no borders uh so both Korea will have to scale up its climate Ambitions that is the message I am always push into

government and institutions uh we have to do it as well uh uh and uh you know how we can do it and the ear the earli as we get together and and do this the better so thank you so much thank you very much Ambassador Castillo Fernandez now I ask I ask Professor yuk Kim to moderate one please welcome Professor Kim thank you thank you very much uh I'm Yer Kim from hang University um you know Ambassador uh Fernandez you know touched up on uh very important issues regarding climate change and the connection of climate

change to Economic Security at the end uh the stock taking uh she did uh over uh the the recent climate change uh Trends uh let me let me reiterate some of the points she made uh the first point she made I think is that uh the message that you know climate change discussion about climate change has been around for a long time maybe even some fatigue we are feeling about this because you know over and over again but but what we have to do today I think is to have some understanding where climate change is going

and despite you know so many years we are discussing climate change at the moment where we are in terms of you know reaching uh the goal the goal uh which is know clack is ticking you know 2030 will be an important Milestone uh to get to the Final Destination uh 2050 uh as she mentioned I think uh you know we need to be doubling down on the deployment of renewable energy which is way below way below the destination the Final Destination which is 1.5 uh she said by 2030 we need to be tripling tripling renewable energy

technology and doubling uh efficiency uh in so doing what I needed you know climate change is very difficult and complex as you mentioned it's complex difficult to achieve achieve because climate change has many phases many phases in the beginning we all understood climate change is is just about you know phasing out fossil fuels you know oil and gas say say goodbye to oil and gas then renewable energy will just you know enter uh uh the stage but it's not easy renewable energy is not alone you know renewable

energy uh is just part of uh Mitigation Of ghg 45% less than 50% even if we deploy 100% of renewable energy we cannot get to the destination because adaptation and you know a process you know emissions uh and you know energy technology will be even more difficult like we need to get more difficult renewable energy like hydrogen need to get hydrogen involved so so the message uh fully taken uh first uh climate change is very complex and full array of energy technology uh must be deployed uh thirdly it must be in

inclusive as well so so on this note I'd like to invite uh three uh respected uh Scholars let me first introduce our uh speakers first we have senam atvo from tines University antalia turkey thanks for coming second we have unak Kim National Assembly Futures Institute uh she's going to discuss some critical minerals supply chain of battery crical Minerals today thirdly we have hijin Han uh from pugong national uh University so so I'd like to I'd like you to spend about 1550 minutes uh for presentation and three presentation uh

will naturally lead to uh three discuss I'd like to first introduce tedong Lee from yon University and unju Lee Korea University and Yong song yon University so presentation 15 minutes and discussion seven minutes so we'd like to start off by inviting senam atvo to the podium thank you thank you very much yes is my presentation um before I start I would like to thank to the East Asia Institute for inviting me to this conference and give me a chance to speak to this distinguished audience um I am today talking about the

climate change and environmental security and the uh European Union's perspective on and environmental security especially as we know uh increasing global temperatures due to anthropogenic anthropogenic activities especially the use of fossil fuels as a main energy resource since the industrial uh revolution has degraded Natural Balance and broken the ecological Cycles as a result the phenomenon of climate change has accelerated with its devastating impacts on natural social economic and political

systems uh climate change has become a global crisis producing several uh interconnected security problems oh I think I closed it um the physical impacts of climate change have created new security challenges for States humans ecosystems and international peace and stability in this regard uh in this presentation I want to a I aim to um reveal the security impacts of climate change through the environmental security approach a little uh introduction to environmental security with it's the uh its uh several perspectives and also uh

to um try to respond how European Union positions to the Nexus of climate change and Security will be the focus of the presentation um environmental security actually is not a monol monolitic uh approach there are different uh perspectives inside the environmental security uh since the mid 1980s um when the devastating impacts of ecological degradation have been con actually have been considered among security issues uh along with the discussion on redefining Security National Security in particular

ecological problems began to be examined with the potential of conflict and migration after the 1990s as as the human security concept um was developed ecological Pro problems uh began to be assessed through humanitarian crisis and socioeconomic injustices and inequalities uh academic SEC academic studies on environmental problems either in the national uh security or human security context have shaped the environmental security literature as long as this literature literature extends an ecological security

perspective is also included in uh environmental security it ecological security is a much more normative uh perspective and it's based on a holistic view uh seeing humans as a part of Nature and focusing on the ecological balance uh maintained through International regulations sanctions collaboration and Justice uh there is also another uh approach different than the ecological security a NE secur one of the n security perspective it's sustainable security it's also puts a lens on environmental issues sustainable

security focuses on the intersection of uh environmental economic and security policies and aims to reconcile the collective security needs of States humans and nature within a sustainability framework uh in recent years of course the F focus of environmental security perspective has been on the climate crisis here um while climate change has accelerated uh its physical impacts also uh exacerbates the roads heat waves flush and or torrential rains floods wild wild wild wildfires hurricanes and tornadoes and sea level rise uh have

intensified all around the world and these devastating impacts of climate change have created a Glo Global crisis intervened with other socioeconomic and political problems um now we are talking about climate crisis that poses intersecting risks for different actors and sectors security uh sectors actually security objects of the global system uh here uh the different you can see the different actors and uh they are also the security uh reference objects of security and they are threatened differently

threatened by the risks posed by climate change for States individuals ecosystems um and global system as well there are different and interdependent interconnected uh security risks uh and that's we can say that um different uh actors of the global system have become more vulnerable because of the impacts of especially because of the impacts of climate change unduly as the devastating impacts of climate change has has have in intensified the efforts of states and other International actors have become more crucial among these

actors uh the European Union is the most ambition one ambitious one that has implemented more effective policies um in this regard uh we can talk about the um Koto procedures and Paris procedures that uh have been implemented by the European uh Union uh after the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 uh with a Target to reduce emissions by 20% by 2022 uh European Union started to redesign its emission reduction procedures by implementing Market mechanisms including carbon trade regulated by the uh protocol and uh

between 1990 uh and 2014 the European Union um reduced its greenhouse gas emissions in Europe by 20 by uh 23% and uh after the ratification of uh Paris uh the ratification of the Paris agreement uh the European Union published its nationally determined contribution and accordingly uh it uh pledge to uh reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030 compared the to 19 uh 90 uh and after this um National determent contribution publication of this uh document in uh 2019 uh the uh European Union commission president

uraan presented the European green deal program integrated with uh Europe uh European climate law and European uh climate PCT uh European green deal is the most comprehensive and ambitious response of the European Union to the climate crisis it is a comprehensive transformation process that aims to create a carbon neutral continent by 2015 by considering the well-being of citizens and the needs of in Industry with a balanced perspective the the main of the um European Union is to is to reduce emissions by 55% by 20 uh turkey so it's

very ambitious uh uh plan um along this along with this far-reaching plan to combat climate change the European Union also considers the security aspects of climate change um in 2008 the Secretary General of the Council of the European European union and European Union High representative for common and foreign uh foreign and security policy as well javia Solana published a paper entitled climate change and International Security in this document climate change was defined as a threat multiplier and

the risks posed by climate change to States human security and International Security were underlined in this regard uh the threats related to climate change are evaluated as resource conflict economic damage risks for critical infrastructure loss of territory border disputes environmentally induced migration instability fragility radicalization uh tension over energy supp supplies and pressure on International governments and after this uh document uh several European Union documents uh focusing on uh security defense or uh

diplomacy um addressed the um threat multiplier role of the climate change uh to sum up I can uh show this figure uh it reflects the European Union's position regarding the climate change and uh security Nexes the European Union considers climate security uh in not only the military context but also uh together with economic social and humanitarian aspects cooperation on sustainable development operational effectiveness of conflict pre prevention and crisis management reducing environmental and carbon carbon

footprint of Civilian and Military capabilities through Innovation strengthening resilience by Disaster Response energy transition to prevent uh and manage peace and security risks are seen as Inseparable parts of climate security and there is also some climate priorities that we can find in these documents and uh these are emission Cuts industrial transformation in Innovation energy security sustainable development and Environmental Protection adaptation strategies uh well-being and prosperity of European citizens resilience uh with

strengthening vulnerable uh communities in the uh are included uh to the climate policies um there is also another question uh who security uh are prioritized by European Union in terms of environmental security the emphasis on human well-being vulnerabilities acuy and equality shows that the Nexus of human and environmental security uh is integrated into climate policies further as the European Union is structured through an o i I forgot the slides I'm sorry um yes European Union is structured through an economic integration process

safeguarding economic sectors industry and competitiveness maintaining energy security and improving renewable energy become a priority therefore uh Economic Security mostly prevails over environmental security concerns in this context the European Union's climate security perspective seems to be compatible with the sustainable security approach as I mentioned at the beginning sustainable security provides provides a balanced framework to assess the risks of climate change and Implement more effective and sustainable

policies uh European Union considers protecting economic interest and social Weare but at the same time it has adapted detailed environmental procedures and protect Ive regulations uh the Nexus of climate change and conflict and its relationship with migration flows are another priority of the European Union's security concerns conflict prevention and management military op operations and capabilities the defense industry and policies are also at focus and a green transformation for the military

sector is also included in the European uh climate policies these Targets in terms of the green trans and during transition of military and defense have also been compatible with uh other geopolitical and geostrategic GE strategic expectations of the European Union on the other hand um an ecological security perspective is lacking in the European Union climate initiatives despite its emphasis on Collective action binding regulations multilateral Co cooperation and the planetary risks of the climate crisis

crisis nature and the functioning of EOS ecosystems remain secondary compared to human humanitarian and uh economic risks o sorry and um there is some challenges we have to mention uh about the implementation of environmental security perspectives uh in the European Union climate policies there are some missing points regarding these uh the implementation of these uh perspective to The Climate policies it's still controversial andb whether the European Union can deepen the framework of the common security and defense policy and

common foreign policy to place them to the supranational level even though the European Union emphasizes collective security and action to fight the the impacts of climate change National governments have still their own agendas in term of security and po uh foreign policy it's also ambiguous whether national government easily adopt and apply the requirements of the green deal despite its binding mechanisms uh there is also other challenge uh the uh priority of economic sectors is one of them uh the impact of

new uh economic sectors on uh the environment of third countries is is another challenge uh it's related to using critical uh minerals uh especially because they the uh critical minerals are indispensible for green technologies however it have uh important uh the mining activities have important uh environmental um impact on uh especially the countries where the mining areas and there is also challenge posed by migration uh which has which will be exacerbated by the risks posed by climate change and there is another

challenge posed by Far Far Right governments uh they uh are um strengthening their political positions in a lot of European countries and they have a strong anti-climate and anti-european Union narratives and they can influence the public opinions uh in that way so uh it's uh challenging for uh implementation of uh climate policies and there is also the unwillingness to contribute climate fund and international Ed mechanisms uh EUR thanks to its economic I'm finishing economic and technological capacity and high awareness the climate

resilience of European continent is relatively stronger than other regions however the instability and risk of conflict in other regions due to the intervent crisis threaten the stability and security of the European Union as well in this line Europe European Union's ambitious climate policies might be a key to Braden broadening International cooperation for mitigation and adaptation efforts and accelerating decarbonization but the planet needs more courageous and significant transformation to cope with these

interconnected problems in the age of climate change thank you for your attention and I am sorry to excess my time thank you very much thank you very much uh so building building on Maria Caso Fernandez speech uh she kind of provided us with uh what's going on inside the European Union on you know climate change you know the the the mitigation efforts and and others at the end she mentioned uh this this naturally lead us to uh our second presentation um uh my previous remarks General remarks that you know if

nothing done the temperature will be reaching uh 3.2 de Celsius by 2050 so a lot of efforts must be done to bring the temperature down to 1.5 uh lots of things must be done but most important thing is to expand renewable energy that's the me the most important thing uh expand renewable energy technology but the current changes uh tell us that a lot of limitations to the expansion of renewable energy uh most of all renewable energy requires all sorts of metals critical minerals but critical mineral supply of it uh supply of it is

not uh free it's dominated by a particular country and supply chain of critical minerals is concentrated geographically concentrated so so two points geographically concentrated which is which is not strange we had same problem with oil and gas so geographically concentrated but making this problem uh even more difficult is to is the Domination by a particular country so to deploy more renewable energy which are required to be reaching 1.5 goal we need free flowing supply of critical minerals which is not available so so

how do we how do we make that happen probably our second uh presentation will uh teach us some some ways in which we can kind of resolve this problem please hello I'm unak Kim from National Assembly Futures Institute I'm really pleased to be here and thanks for giving me this opportunity to to present our recent research uh uh result and as Professor Kim already briefly summarized my presentation oh thank you by the way maybe I can show my presentation and uh that the present my presentation covers

is uh that reside in within the the intersection of environmental security and envi uh Economic Security within the framework of global reordering so uh I picked up this issue when I was doing research on Circle economy and later I realized this has more broader context and this has to be discussed within other with others uh researchers so I uh initiated research with uh uh with s Jun par who is The Economist and doing research on uh supply chain and Cha who's doing research on International politics especially I focusing on on

Chinese issues so I like to acknowledge those coauthors um so moving on I have uh two questions to answer one is what are the risk what constitute risk and the second one is what are what could be the response test strategy the first one before we move on to the the answer directly what are the situation why now so we are now moving to our green transition and digital transition and obviously we will have more demand in uh manufacturing uh Renewables e-mobility and ICT Etc so um so that uh that's those uh devices

are heavily dependent on the strategic materials and critical materials so when you have this Rising demand if you have the supplies uh uh proportionally but that's not going to be a problem but later you will see that there are supply issues so that's that describes our situation and the risk later on and uh this is the the research work uh research result uh conducted by EU and this you can see uh we have this Rising demand especially lithium and graphite and Cobalt which are the major component of battery so uh if you are

going to produce this battery and e-mobility and have more competency in this industry you will have to have a stable Supply and for unfortunately we do not and a lot of countries as well except for one country and the first the answer for the first question by now it was the rising demand and the second answer is us China competition so uh the bottom line of this us China competition is awareness of China as uh major threat of uh to the domestic uh domestic economies economic uh here I I show the some

result which are not prop yet and uh We've conducted some study uh of uh about the green transition and the the competition of us China in green transition technology and after I see this graph I uh recognized CRM critical raw material is a new Battlefield in this transition uh era so you you see that China is dominating most part of the the technological uh what is uh patent applications but still their high impact patent is not is still following their leading countries but when you see the the market share and influence their

potential influence to the the foreign countries it's really uh it's rising and is becoming more important so so in this is the describes the backdrop of the CRM issue so the China has a major threat uh uh and the the rising demand is another source of this risk and against this backdrop what are the real risk what can constitute what is what what constitute this risk this is Korea situation this these are a few example of future technology in Korea and unfortunately we have this absolute dependence on overseas product

and three of them are heavily dependent on Chinese products more or less 50% are coming from uh China so in this case we will uh we can solve this problem by either expanding the domestic smelting and refining um uh Industries or expanding the overseas Mining and local smelting refining industry really simple answer but neither of them are feasible and Korea and other developed countries uh have like this limitation of uh increasing this facilities in a short time uh we have uh very strict environmental regulations so it's really

expens it becomes expensive to to produce those materials uh in Korea and other developed countries so it's not economically feasible and so if we look at other countries which is more relatively more economically feasible uh we'll see another challenges later when we see the there some maps uh this table summarized the the production share of those critical raw materials and when you substract China here you do not have any metal um except for three two or three Metals uh you do not have any um critical raw materials

with uh with without Chinese uh being involved in the whole uh process uh especially uh China has dominating the the processing of this critical raw materials so what that means is even though you found alternative sources mining for example you have you will have to see uh the Processing Company or uh owned by China so so the critical raw material is coming from China War through China so this is this describes the first risk and the second risk now you found alternative sources like uh K Congo or uh South Africa or

even Russia if possible and that country is not reliable uh if you see the the word governance indicators uh the alternative a lot of alternative countries have uh low level of word governance indicator uh score so the the removing all those risky countries you will only have Indonesia or Australia and those countries can only provide nickel lithium zirconium and several others so what can we do with other critical raw materials that are going to be still in need so are we doomed so but I I think it's not a really really

uh good situation but uh we are doing our best so the response strategies can be only um the uh like it can be it cannot remove all the risk it's our best response strategies to reduce the risk so EU uh has recognized this risk early early ages uh in 2008 EU launched critical raw material initi initiative and uh every um every three or five years they renewed the the list of critical B materials and recently this year early this year they announced the draft of uh critical raw material act and us it has does not have long

history of uh response strategy but uh recent couple of years they announced several strategies and quite important movement they uh identified 13 critical uh minerals uh related to clean energy technology and uh in even in Ira it has some component related to to the supply of critical mineral and uh even uh defense production act uh has been modified to include uh those important items that that also includes minerals for batteries so uh us is responding uh this risk in this way and China also they they are doing their best to to

reduce the risk of Supply uh CRM Supply and they not only risk but also they see this as an opportunity in earlier age in 20 11 uh they have uh announced breakthrough action plan for mineral acquisition and uh in 2015 they have uh announced made in China 2025 and in 2016 they have announced National mineral research plan so they have uh prepared this uh really like thoroughly and now this year early this year they uh recogn recognize this as a a Lifeline of strategic Industries so uh the reality is not really simple

and really difficult so what can we do Korea what can we do uh well fortunately maybe uh Ministry of trade and Industry and energy announced the the Strategic strategies and that's quite similar to what EU has um announced previously and that includes diversification of the supply chain and and uh expanding more facilities and developing more Technologies to uh to um uh to have uh uh alternative sources of CRM and we have uh this three bills pending regarding National resource security and those uh bills cover not

only C carbon materials but also other uh resources in general and here I add a few words uh regarding the the long-term strategy first diversification we that's um a must that that's there's no other way around but at the same time we need to consider the compliance of ESG standard application applicable to the mining and processing CRM because ESG standard is going to be a new Norm uh even in in this Mining and smelting industry that's as of now that those Industries are regarded as dirty industry but U if it's going to

contribute to GRE green transition it will need to uh to follow the the new Norm uh so-called ESG standard and the the second one is uh we will uh as I've already explained uh the transition phase we will have to either expand the facility smelting and refining facility within the nation or outside the nation but that those are not feasible so we in the long term we will have to to go to the the green growth scenaria that's going to be H that's going to be uh uh by a circular economy that means if we do not

have resources on site we will have to put uh this uh instrument having this crrm back to the the the production line at the beginning so that's going to be only solution sustainable solution and that that way we would not be uh uh here May maybe it's better to look at this uh so by only uh going to green growth scenario we can decouple from the state of overseas resource Supply so that's why I suggest uh we need to shorten the transition phase by technological advancement uh in recycling and remanufacturing and the lastly uh when

you do the the uh technological advancement is not enough we we need to scale up and do the commercialization and for that we need to uh we need a standard standardization process and we need to uh actively engage in those uh International uh processes thank you thank you again uh some of the lessons I think uh on this issue is that renewable energy expansion is never peaceful maybe even even dirtier than oil and gas uh this is a case where you know energy transition kind of transforms into geopolitical

conflict uh to help you understand this a little bit uh carbon emission cuts come in several stages maybe kind of a hierarchy there is a hierarchy of cutting emissions uh all related to energy technology maybe the easiest one at the bottom easiest one stage one will be power sector transition like uh replacing oil and gas and coal with renewable energy which has been done more or less done in many country especially in in the European countries replacement of uh coal and gas with uh renewable energy but but this power

sector change relatively cheaper cheaper easier uh especially in the European Union much has been done but the second stage is transportation cutting emissions in the transportation much more difficult which is happening right now so in ter terms of cutting emissions we are now at the stage of Transportation emission Cuts it's about rolling out EVS producing uh batteries therefore demand for critical minerals Rising but but as you could see Transportation emission cuts which is energy transition and power sector

emission cuts a little different Power sector emission cuts much more peacefully done no geopolitics involved but transportation EV and Battery a lot of geopolitics going on because the stakes are much higher the stakes are much higher the industry of EV making battery making money involved in this much bigger much bigger than power sector that's why you know tackling climate change temperature issue tackling this becomes you know us China competition so maybe what's The Next Step Beyond Transportation emission Cuts

maybe we will see much higher level of emission Cuts maybe buildings buildings I don't know whether that's going to be a geopolitical but buildings or production process cuts which is more difficult uh higher technology involved so so we are only at the maybe stage two so energy transition uh despite many years that have passed just at the beginning just at the beginning so power sector first second Transportation many more like a sectors and industries new you know high-tech Industries will be coming in the

future so maybe this this L third presenter uh hanen please inv invite to the podium please so good afternoon uh I am hijan from pyong National University located in pan so I might be the only person from Busan thank the eii for hosting me to speak at this uh interesting and important event um I'll be talking about how climate change and energy security can be a reconcilable goal so as we might agree uh climate change poses one of the most intrical uh challenges that International Community is facing today

and uh since the U un framework convention on climate change was signed in 1992 at Rio uh governments around the world have been making efforts to address the issue however the global governance of climate change has not been so effective as uh Professor ha mentioned uh during his kinot speech Global governance hasn't been effective actually in many areas but uh climate change might be the areas so even though the Paris agreement uh signed in 19 uh 2015 um aimed aims to uh hold the increase in the global average

temperature to well below 2 degrees celius and ideally 1.5° Cel um we are not getting there right uh the UNF fccc estimated that greenhouse gas emission must Peak uh before 2025 at the latest and decline by 43% by uh 2030 to achieve 1.5 degrees Celsius goal however limiting uh limiting warming to 1.5 degrees by the end of this Century uh has become a daunting task as the evidence of negative climate impact has accumulated at an accelerating scale and um uh speed a recent study published in nature climate change argues that carbon

neutrality should be achieved by 20134 not 2050 to achieve 1.5 degrees Celsius goal the energy sector is is one of the most important sector to to address climate change as um many of the speakers have mentioned um and it it is really important uh to especially to uh um phase out innovated call and make a genuine energy transition to address uh global climate change issue this means breaking with a carbon intensive uh socio economic paths and making political commitments for systemic changes however the covid-19 and the

Ukraine war erupted in late 2019 and early 2022 each have Unleashed multiple energy related challenges while the net effects of covid-19 on the global Energy System are still being examined there have been some immediate challenges the Energy System experienced a rapid and steady drop in electricity demand as a result of the covid-19 and the lockdown measures at the same time the pandemic delayed the deployment of renewable energy related technology and infrastructure as the word went through uh an unprecedented uh disruption in the

supply chains of Parts such as batteries and raw materials including minerals on the other hand the pandemic has served as a reminder that the world needs a green trans transition and responses to Global Environmental challenges to avert another large scale virus contagion in the future thus some have pointed out the necessity to accelerate the energy transition even faster in fact the renewable energy sector recorded a steady growth despite disruptions like the pandemic and the year 2022 was named a record year for

renewable capacity as renewable energy was added at an unprecedented scale uh the Russian invasion of Ukraine has deepened the energy related challenges as Russia one of the biggest players in the global energy sector uh announced its cut off of energy provision to uh Europe and to other parts of the world world under International sanctions uh the gas price in particular skyrocketed in Europe as Russia stopped supplying gas through pipelines prices of other energy sources have also spiked to historical highs threatening businesses

and households the postco 19 supply chain disruption grew even larger in the context of the world thus uh the covid-19 and Ukraine were served as an external shocks to the global Energy System energy security a concept that had long been subsided since the 1970s the oil oil crisis has once again made its way to the top of the agenda around the world especially among the countries with high dependence energy dependence rates governments and media started to emphasize the necessity for drastic recovery for energy security

through rapidly securing energy Supply to deal with the blackouts and fuel shortages faced with the energy insecurity situation countries including those in Europe have begun to resume the operation of old coal fired and nuclear power uh plants as quick remedies such actions and measures for recovering energy security however raised the question of whether they would delay the energy transition governments around the world had been pursuing in order to tackle the climate crisis while understandable given the energy crisis

and the uh um far-reaching negative impact uh such a question reflects the doubt that the energy security and climate change are not comparable goals such a question or a doubt uh suggests that renewable energy is not desirable If energy security is a uh the utmost priority of our government however I would like to argue that energy security and energy transition can be reconciled in light of the deepening energy uh climate crisis the world economic Forum already highlighted the importance of reconciling such goals arguing that

successful energy transition uh needs to have three elements in what it calls the energy triangle uh security and access environmental sustainability and economic development and growth the European Union is a case in point illustrating how climate change goals and energy security goals can be uh pursued to together EU has marked itself as the leader in the global climate change and sustainable development realm the region has been implementing various programs to achieve carbon neutrality 2050 to meet climate change challenges

for instance EU adopted green deal in late 2019 for green transformation of the region and fit 455 containing the goal of 55% emission reduction from 1990 level uh by 2030 it also ened the European climate law insuring the goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 all of these policies contain renewable energy as a core uh element uh EU however met obstacles in its energy security situation in the wake of the pandemic and the Ukraine war as the fuer prices went up after the outbreak of the war European countries went back to the

coal and nuclear as stop gamp measures this move raised the question whether eu's clim change and energy transition goals would be undermined uh due to the energy security concerns however instead of overturning its existing energy transition and climate goals EU has responded by reinforcing its climate change and energy security goals uh energy transition goals uh this move demonstrated that climate change and energy security goals can be pursued together if policy makers have a strong will to do um EU adopted repow EU plan

in March 2020 with the goal of reducing the dependence on Russian gas by one-third of the pre-war level by the end of 2020 and to eliminate the dependence once and for all by 2030 uh this is used declaration to win itself off of the Russian energy Supply as the fundamental solution to maximizing its energy security uh so launched officially in May 2022 repow EU aimed to help EU save energy produce clean energy and diversify energy supplies repow U envisions uh the deployment of Renewables to reduce and uh reduce the

demand for natural gas in the power sector in the short to medium term the electrification of its support Fleet to phase out fossil fuels and the roll out of heat pumps to reduce its residential and Commercial sectors consumption of natural gas for heating in the medium to long term the EU commission states that the program has already saved almost 20% of eu's energy consumption and doubled the new deployment of Renewables 39% of the electricity consumed in 2022 came from Renewables in EU moreover

80% of the Russian Pipeline gas was replaced in less than eight months these measures intended to reinforce eu's energy Security in the face of EX external threats repower EU plans thus aims to speed up the green transition while strengthening energy security uh within a year or so the program managed to generate more electricity from wind and solar sources than from gas reached a record of 41 gwatt of new solar energy capacity installed and increased wind capacity by 6 16 gaw in March 2023 the EU agreed on even stronger

legislation uh to increase its renewable capacity raising eu's binding Target by for 2030 to 42.5% with the ambition to reach 45% this would double the existing share of renewable energy in the EU region uh one might argue that these things have been possible because the EU have many advanced economies as member states however even in other parts of the world things have been possible uh things uh countries have been trying to reconcile climate goals with energy security concerns although there have been some

setbacks in the wake of the covid-19 and Ukraine War uh countries in Asia uh look like they also would not give up on their energy transition policy either uh Japan for instance has been trying to recover its industrial competitiveness through the 2022 green transformation GX plan which is also an approach to reduce its energy dependence uh the long-term goal of the GX plan is to decarbonize while strengthening energy security and resilience China and India have also raised their renewable energy targets

and continue to promote green mobilities and Clean Energy Technologies Indonesia and Malaysia are also closing many of their existing Cal fired power plants uh to obtain International financial assistance such as um the Just Energy transition partnership uh I'm not saying it's easy to achieve both green energy transition for climate change and energy security uh renewable energy has to obtain scale economy through improved cost competitiveness renewable energies such as wind and solar have also dealt

with intermittency and variability challenges through energy storage system technology and more efficient grid system management these kinds of Technology require large scale deployment of financial resources and infrastructure in addition clean energy technology such as uh solar cells and batteries require sustained supply of raw materials including critical minerals the supply chains of the of such ingredients and parts are at risk of disruption due to to reasons such as geopolitics and uh resource nationalism

and so on however traditional fossil fuels are not even any better in terms of these risks and potential uh threats uh as responses to climate change become much more urgent fossil fuel power plants carry the risk of becoming stranded assets compared to the renewable energy sources oil coal and gas require movement from the originally extracted countries to consuming countries through shipping which entails risks and costs renewable energies in comparison can be deployed in a small scale and a small scale for energy

sufficiency of households and Villages as can be seen in Europe uh various studies suggest that Renewables will continue to grow mckines Global energy perspective 2023 states that renewable energy sources are expected to provide between 45 and 50% of global energy Generation by 2040 and between 65 and 85% by 2050 while accounting for only 20% of total investment in 2012 Renewables and decarbonization Technologies um are projected to make up between 40 and 50% of total investment by 2040 governments participating in cup 28

have pledged to work together to Triple the world's installed renewable energy generation capacity to at least 11,000 gwatt by 2030 uh so to sum up energy security particularly since the end of the pandemic and Ukraine war has been used as a justification for delaying the clean energy transition but energy security um does not need to be undermined by renewable energy uh um sources when we reach scale and are uh when they reach scale and are pursued as local projects meeting the local energy needs uh they serve as steady and

accessible energy sources ramping of energy security while helping mitigate greenhouse gas emissions energy shots such as the ones triggered by the covid-19 and Ukraine war can take place again in the postco 19 world the International Community should build build a more resilient Energy System while pursuing low carbon and carbon- free energy transition in the age of deepening climate crisis thank you for listening okay thank you uh I just told by the organizer that second session must begin at 4:30 therefore we

have 15 minutes maybe less than 15 minutes so our three discuss can I kindly ask you to limit your time to 3 minutes yeah so that so that I can we can maybe receive at least uh one question from uh the floor sorry I will budget my discussion for five minutes okay a quick question for the climate change and security what are the key questions so does and will climate change be get internal or Interstate or intrastate conflict or the climate change kill people or damage the econ economic properties and infrastructures

a simple question is yes and more and more likely um so do you know how much area was burned in 2023 Canada fire wildfire it's about 130,000 square kilometer in Australia it's about 120,000 square kilometer do you know the area of South Korea it's about 100,000 square kilm that means the burnt area impacted area from Wildfire in Canada and Australia is much bigger than the area of South Korea so if you imagine that if you have you know fire in this room little bit digester it'll be if you have a fire in this building

that'll be digester but if you have fire all around the soul which has 600 s kilometer you know much bigger digester but we are experiencing this property damages that burning places every around the world so that means climate change is the security issue because because it kill people and also damage properties and infrastructures and it's not just about the Canada or Australia we had typon hamno in 2022 and we had about two billion losses in poang area PCO Ean loss is huge and also there are many casualties in Pang

area as well so it is not just the issue of Canada or Australia it happens in South Korea as well and also we see that the U the second things we can consider is how the climate change impact on human migrations as you probably all know this year 2023 in Syria there there was flood and also about more than 7,000 people die of flood and you know demolish them and that is a has serious impact on the human migrations how can we deal with these refugees there is another issue so we we should deal with the um the

internal and intra and also uh inter conflict of a state and also we can see that the um there's a lot of effort to raise a bar in particular from EU and uh us maybe it's a good good signal and positive impact to change the behavior of companies and count around the world that's a positive sign however that can be seen as also the trade barrier as well so how can we deal with and reconcile this the eu's cbam uh carbon border adjustment mechanism and US IR uh in inflation reduction act this pretty

good signal for the climate change however that can be uh you know play a low as a trade barrier for country like South Korea so how can we do with this issue is that the thing that we need to cover as well good afternoon uh my name is unul Lee I'm a post structure fellow at the greator school of energy and environment K University I sincerely appreciate this opportunity to enhance my perspective regarding the interwinding challenges posed by climate change Dr unak Kim proposed three p approach to address supply chain risk of

uh critic grow materials including diversifying the supply chain encouraging domestic Recycling and efficiency gains and implementing techn technology standardizing uh St standardization efforts South Korea is also enhancing its crisis response capabilities and diversify find critical raw materials through bilateral and multilateral cooperation as part of this strategy the country intends to revitalize as overseas and domestic mineral resources the government is adopting a different approach by encouraging the private sector to lead

the development of these resources instead of making direct State investment as they have done in the past the state will conduct comprehensive uh assessment to explore the visibility of development including economic VI viability and Financial support K uh K implements diverse uh strategies to secure Crick R materials for technological advancement collaborative partnership between Korean and Chinese companies such as skon eoo LG Cam and post future M fortify the supply chain particularly in Bary production these

alliances uh ensure a stable supply of essential minerals for barri manufacturing aiming to reduce Reliance on limited suppliers and bolst cre position in Green Technology and examply uh exemplary partnership like postal future Ms alliance with Hai cobal localizes secondary uh Barry precursor production in Korea reinforcing technological s Reliance and cre material supply chains these strategic partnership transcends borders underscore in crea's commitment to a sustainable and consistent supply of critical ra materials for advanc in

technological Industries however this an adjustment mandated by the US that limit joint ventes with of Chinese forms will likely impose Financial burdens on Korean firms as they need to renegotiate uh contracts to comply um also expanding recycling initiative is is also a uh P Avenue to alleviate primary supply chain pressures and reduce import dependency on raw materials uh significantly curbing carbon footprint despite rapid Global uh barrier recycling capacity expansion securing stable Fest stock access remains

imperative for competitiveness the the dominance of Barry recycling capacity in China Europe and the US especially China with about 73% capacity by 2023 underscores the importance of securing f stock uh recent disruptions like China heting of essential materials export up uh graphite uray solution or uray water and ammonium phosphates starting this month highlight the challeng challenges in achieving resilience Supply chains testing creas resilience building measures against the appeal of lower priced Chinese resources so Korea's

Korea's multifaceted approach to securing CRI grow materials portray proactive engagement however ongoing challenges necess itate continuous adaptation and refinement of strategies to ensure a robust and resilient supply chain for the future thank you exellent excellent last but not least uh third hi um I will make it um three minutes so I have a time set right now so okay um thank you for the great presentation and then thank you for the great comments from the panel it has been very very inspiring and I guess I

just have a two broad points to make about the Environmental security sorry um energy security and the mitigating climate issue so when I was uh reading the uh the paper and listening to the presentation I thought about how this topic could be relevant to the broader policy and academic debate on North and South debate or developing and developed countries debate and we um traditionally the southern countries often discuss the ways in which some of the climate uh change measures can hinder their

opportunity for the economic development well uh whereas the northern countries urges that we need we all need to contribute to addressing climate change issues and this binary view I guess it has evolved into a more M multifaceted view saying that even the southern countries do really care and place their efforts into tackling climate change like um Professor Han mentioned India and China as well however some of the central um Asian countries in including usbekistan has been suffering from the energy crisis for a long time so I guess

the it's not an easy question but I guess the remaining and a critical question here is that how would we be able to get these countries to recognize these two um goals energy transition slash mitigating climate change efforts and energy security are not two opposing goals at the um on the other end so I guess that's the something that we could talk about or think about um as we move forward and the second point is relevant to the energy sovereignty um we talk about energy security but there's another added

concept called Energy sovereignty energy sovereignty is a right of the conscious individuals and communities and people to make their own decisions on their energy generation and distribution and consumption in a way that is appropriate within their ecological social economic and cultural circumstances provided that these um measures um do not affect others negatively so I guess this concept is very important when we talk about um uh uh Professor Kim talked about the inclusiveness of energy security as well

so as a country uh with a high um energy dependence how do we move for how do we move move forward towards um energy sovereignty moving beyond energy security itself so that's the question I guess um I had thank you thank you those are excellent points uh we have two minutes before we close this session uh let me invite uh one or two questions from the floor uh when you ask questions please identify yourself uh and you can address your question to specific speaker no question oh yes please if you have

mic yeah yeah tr800 billion energy security World econom forum for